State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control/Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection of Ministry of Agriculture/Laboratory (Hangzhou) for Risk Assessment of Agricultural Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, Zhejiang, China.
Institute for the Control of Agrochemicals of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310020, China.
J Hazard Mater. 2018 Jun 15;352:80-91. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.03.023. Epub 2018 Mar 20.
Aquatic organisms are usually exposed to a mixture of pesticides instead of individual chemicals. However, risk assessment of pesticides is traditionally based on toxicity data of individual compounds. In this study, we aimed to examine the joint toxicity of two fungicides cyprodinil (CYP) and kresoxim-methyl (KRM) to zebrafish (Danio rerio) using a systematic experimental approach. Results from 96-h semi-static test indicated that the LC values of KRM to D. rerio at multiple life stages (embryonic, larval, juvenile and adult stages) ranged from 0.034 (0.015-0.073) to 0.61 (0.39-0.83) mg a.i. L, which were higher than those of CYP ranging from 1.05 (0.88-1.52) to 4.42 (3.24-6.02) mg a.i. L. Pesticide mixtures of CYP and KRM exhibited synergistic effect on embryonic zebrafish. The activities of carboxylesterase (CarE) and cytochrome P450 (Cyp450) were significantly altered in most of the individual and combined exposures compared with the control group. The expressions of seven genes (Mnsod, cyp17, crhr 2, crh, gnrhr 4, gnrhr 1 and hmgrb) were significantly altered upon exposure to combined pesticides compared with their individual pesticides. Collectively, these findings suggested joint effects should be considered in the risk assessment of pesticides and development of water quality criteria for the protection of aquatic environment.
水生生物通常会接触到混合农药，而不是单一的化学物质。然而，传统的农药风险评估是基于单一化合物的毒性数据。在这项研究中，我们旨在采用系统的实验方法研究两种杀菌剂（cyprodinil [CYP] 和 kresoxim-methyl [KRM]）对斑马鱼（Danio rerio）的联合毒性。96 小时静态半试验结果表明，KRM 在多个生命阶段（胚胎、幼虫、幼鱼和成鱼阶段）对 D. rerio 的 LC 值范围为 0.034（0.015-0.073）至 0.61（0.39-0.83）mg a.i. L，高于 CYP 的 1.05（0.88-1.52）至 4.42（3.24-6.02）mg a.i. L。CYP 和 KRM 的农药混合物对胚胎斑马鱼表现出协同作用。与对照组相比，大多数单一和联合暴露组的羧酸酯酶（CarE）和细胞色素 P450（Cyp450）活性均发生了显著改变。与单一农药暴露相比，七种基因（Mnsod、cyp17、crhr 2、crh、gnrhr 4、gnrhr 1 和 hmgrb）的表达在联合暴露时均发生了显著改变。总的来说，这些发现表明，在评估农药风险和制定保护水生环境的水质标准时，应考虑联合作用。
