Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France.
Intervirology. 2018;61(5):214-222. doi: 10.1159/000484899. Epub 2018 Jan 10.
Water, a frequent vehicle for the transmission of viruses, may permit their survival, but many environmental factors will have an adverse effect on the viral population. Risk evaluation requires identification of these factors and assessment of the inactivation rate of infectious viruses. A higher temperature means a faster reduction of the viral population, as do increased sunlight, higher antimicrobial concentration, or higher oxygen levels. Another documented impact is linked to the presence of indigenous microbial populations: virus survival is higher in sterile water. Environmental factors inactivate viruses through direct or indirect action on one part of the viral structure: genome, capsid, or envelope if present. Viral populations also have resistance mechanisms, generally involving physical shielding from adverse effects; such protective behaviors include aggregation, adhesion, or internalization inside living structures. Because of these phenomena, inactivation kinetics may deviate from traditional log-linear shapes. It is therefore important to account for all factors that may impact on survival, to carefully design experiments to ensure sufficient data, and to select the right modelling approach. Comparison between studies is difficult. It is suggested that laboratory studies include standard conditions of water, and analyze the impact of different factors as precisely as possible. Larger studies in natural environments, though more difficult, are also much needed.
水是病毒传播的常见媒介，可能允许它们存活，但许多环境因素会对病毒种群产生不利影响。风险评估需要识别这些因素，并评估传染性病毒的失活率。较高的温度意味着病毒数量减少得更快，阳光更强、抗菌剂浓度更高或氧气水平更高也是如此。另一个有记录的影响与本地微生物种群的存在有关：无菌水中的病毒存活更高。环境因素通过直接或间接作用于病毒结构的一部分来使病毒失活：如果存在基因组、衣壳或包膜。病毒种群也有抵抗机制，通常涉及对不利影响的物理屏蔽；这种保护行为包括聚集、黏附和内化到活细胞结构中。由于这些现象，失活动力学可能偏离传统的对数线性形状。因此，重要的是要考虑到所有可能影响生存的因素，仔细设计实验以确保获得足够的数据，并选择正确的建模方法。不同研究之间的比较很困难。建议实验室研究包括标准的水条件，并尽可能精确地分析不同因素的影响。虽然更大规模的自然环境研究更困难，但也非常需要。
