Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University (SNU), Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
Adv Healthc Mater. 2018 Apr;7(8):e1701150. doi: 10.1002/adhm.201701150. Epub 2018 Jan 15.
Blood glucose concentration is a key indicator of patients' health, particularly for symptoms associated with diabetes mellitus. Because of the large number of diabetic patients, many approaches for glucose measurement have been studied to enable continuous and accurate glucose level monitoring. Among them, electrochemical analysis is prominent because it is simple and quantitative. This technology has been incorporated into commercialized and research-level devices from simple test strips to wearable devices and implantable systems. Although directly monitoring blood glucose assures accurate information, the invasive needle-pinching step to collect blood often results in patients (particularly young patients) being reluctant to adopt the process. An implantable glucose sensor may avoid the burden of repeated blood collections, but it is quite invasive and requires periodic replacement of the sensor owing to biofouling and its short lifetime. Therefore, noninvasive methods to estimate blood glucose levels from tears, saliva, interstitial fluid (ISF), and sweat are currently being studied. This review discusses the evolution of enzyme-based electrochemical glucose sensors, including materials, device structures, fabrication processes, and system engineering. Furthermore, invasive and noninvasive blood glucose monitoring methods using various biofluids or blood are described, highlighting the recent progress in the development of enzyme-based glucose sensors and their integrated systems.
血糖浓度是患者健康的关键指标，特别是对于与糖尿病相关的症状。由于糖尿病患者数量众多，已经研究了许多用于测量血糖的方法，以实现连续、准确的血糖水平监测。其中，电化学分析因其简单、定量而备受关注。这项技术已经从简单的测试条整合到商业化和研究级别的设备中，包括可穿戴设备和植入式系统。尽管直接监测血糖可以确保获得准确的信息，但采集血液的侵入性针刺步骤常常导致患者（尤其是年轻患者）不愿意接受该过程。植入式葡萄糖传感器可以避免反复采血的负担，但它非常侵入性，并且由于生物污垢和寿命短，需要定期更换传感器。因此，目前正在研究从眼泪、唾液、间质液 (ISF) 和汗液中估算血糖水平的非侵入性方法。本文综述了基于酶的电化学葡萄糖传感器的发展历程，包括材料、器件结构、制造工艺和系统工程。此外，还描述了使用各种生物流体或血液的侵入性和非侵入性血糖监测方法，重点介绍了基于酶的葡萄糖传感器及其集成系统的最新进展。
