Vellers Heather L, Kleeberger Steven R, Lightfoot J Timothy
Immunity, Inflammation and, Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, 111 T.W. Alexander Dr., Building 101, E-224, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA.
Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
Mamm Genome. 2018 Feb;29(1-2):48-62. doi: 10.1007/s00335-017-9732-5. Epub 2018 Jan 22.
Exercise training which meets the recommendations set by the National Physical Activity Guidelines ensues a multitude of health benefits towards the prevention and treatment of various chronic diseases. However, not all individuals respond well to exercise training. That is, some individuals have no response, while others respond poorly. Genetic background is known to contribute to the inter-individual (human) and -strain (e.g., mice, rats) variation with acute exercise and exercise training, though to date, no specific genetic factors have been identified that explain the differential responses to exercise. In this review, we provide an overview of studies in human and animal models that have shown a significant contribution of genetics in acute exercise and exercise training-induced adaptations with standardized endurance and resistance training regimens, and further describe the genetic approaches which have been used to demonstrate such responses. Finally, our current understanding of the role of genetics and exercise is limited primarily to the nuclear genome, while only a limited focus has been given to a potential role of the mitochondrial genome and its interactions with the nuclear genome to predict the exercise training-induced phenotype(s) responses. We therefore discuss the mitochondrial genome and literature that suggests it may play a significant role, particularly through interactions with the nuclear genome, in the inherent ability to respond to exercise.
符合《国家体育活动指南》所设定建议的运动训练，对预防和治疗各种慢性疾病有诸多健康益处。然而，并非所有人都对运动训练反应良好。也就是说，有些人没有反应，而另一些人反应不佳。已知遗传背景会导致个体间（人类）和品系间（如小鼠、大鼠）在急性运动和运动训练方面的差异，不过迄今为止，尚未确定能解释运动差异反应的具体遗传因素。在本综述中，我们概述了在人类和动物模型中的研究，这些研究表明，在标准化的耐力和阻力训练方案下，遗传因素在急性运动和运动训练诱导的适应性方面有显著作用，并进一步描述了用于证明此类反应的遗传方法。最后，我们目前对遗传与运动作用的理解主要局限于核基因组，而对于线粒体基因组及其与核基因组相互作用在预测运动训练诱导的表型反应方面的潜在作用，关注较少。因此，我们讨论线粒体基因组以及相关文献，这些文献表明它可能在对运动的内在反应能力中发挥重要作用，特别是通过与核基因组的相互作用。
