Bielitzki Robert, Behrens Martin, Behrendt Tom, Franz Alexander, Centner Christoph, Hughes Luke, Patterson Stephen D, Owens Johnny, Behringer Michael, Schega Lutz
Department of Sport Science, Institute III, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.
University of Applied Sciences for Sport and Management Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany.
Sports Med Open. 2024 Sep 4;10(1):95. doi: 10.1186/s40798-024-00759-9.
Physical exercise induces acute psychophysiological responses leading to chronic adaptations when the exercise stimulus is applied repeatedly, at sufficient time periods, and with appropriate magnitude. To maximize long-term training adaptations, it is crucial to control and manipulate the external load and the resulting psychophysiological strain. Therefore, scientists have developed a theoretical framework that distinguishes between the physical work performed during exercise (i.e., external load/intensity) and indicators of the body's psychophysiological response (i.e., internal load/intensity). However, the application of blood flow restriction (BFR) during exercise with low external loads/intensities (e.g., ≤ 30% of the one-repetition-maximum, ≤ 50% of maximum oxygen uptake) can induce physiological and perceptual responses, which are commonly associated with high external loads/intensities. This current opinion aimed to emphasize the mismatch between external and internal load/intensity when BFR is applied during exercise. In this regard, there is evidence that BFR can be used to manipulate both external load/intensity (by reducing total work when exercise is performed to exhaustion) and internal load/intensity (by leading to higher physiological and perceptual responses compared to exercise performed with the same external load/intensity without BFR). Furthermore, it is proposed to consider BFR as an additional exercise determinant, given that the amount of BFR pressure can determine not only the internal but also external load/intensity. Finally, terminological recommendations for the use of the proposed terms in the scientific context and for practitioners are given, which should be considered when designing, reporting, discussing, and presenting BFR studies, exercise, and/or training programs.
体育锻炼会引发急性心理生理反应，当在足够长的时间段内以适当强度反复施加运动刺激时，会导致慢性适应性变化。为了使长期训练适应性最大化，控制和操纵外部负荷以及由此产生的心理生理压力至关重要。因此，科学家们已经建立了一个理论框架，区分运动过程中进行的体力工作（即外部负荷/强度）和身体心理生理反应指标（即内部负荷/强度）。然而，在低外部负荷/强度（例如，≤一次重复最大值的30%，≤最大摄氧量的50%）的运动过程中应用血流限制（BFR），可以诱发通常与高外部负荷/强度相关的生理和感知反应。本观点旨在强调运动过程中应用BFR时外部和内部负荷/强度之间的不匹配。在这方面，有证据表明BFR可用于操纵外部负荷/强度（通过在运动至疲劳时减少总工作量）和内部负荷/强度（与在相同外部负荷/强度下不使用BFR进行的运动相比，导致更高的生理和感知反应）。此外，鉴于BFR压力量不仅可以决定内部负荷/强度，还可以决定外部负荷/强度，建议将BFR视为另一个运动决定因素。最后，给出了在科学背景下和对从业者使用所提议术语的术语建议，在设计、报告、讨论和展示BFR研究、运动和/或训练计划时应予以考虑。
