Division of Nutritional Sciences and Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL.
Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton.
J Nutr. 2018 Jan 1;148(1):31-39. doi: 10.1093/jn/nxx023.
Lutein, a yellow xanthophyll, selectively accumulates in primate retina and brain. Lutein may play a critical role in neural and retinal development, but few studies have investigated the impact of dietary source on its bioaccumulation in infants.
We explored the bioaccumulation of lutein in infant rhesus macaques following breastfeeding or formula-feeding.
From birth to 6 mo of age, male and female rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) were either breastfed (BF) (n = 8), fed a formula supplemented with lutein, zeaxanthin, β-carotene, and lycopene (237, 19.0, 74.2, and 338 nmol/kg, supplemented formula-fed; SF) (n = 8), or fed a formula with low amounts of these carotenoids (38.6, 2.3, 21.5, and 0 nmol/kg, unsupplemented formula-fed; UF) (n = 7). The concentrations of carotenoids in serum and tissues were analyzed by HPLC.
At 6 mo of age, the BF group exhibited significantly higher lutein concentrations in serum, all brain regions, macular and peripheral retina, adipose tissue, liver, and other tissues compared to both formula-fed groups (P < 0.001). Lutein concentrations were higher in the SF group than in the UF group in serum and all tissues, with the exception of macular retina. Lutein was differentially distributed across brain areas, with the highest concentrations in the occipital cortex, regardless of the diet. Zeaxanthin was present in all brain regions but only in the BF infants; it was present in both retinal regions in all groups but was significantly enhanced in BF infants compared to either formula group (P < 0.001). β-Carotene accumulated across brain regions in all groups, but was not detected in retina. Although lycopene was found in many tissues of the SF group, it was not detected in the brain or retina.
Although carotenoid supplementation of infant formula significantly increased serum and tissue lutein concentrations compared to unsupplemented formula, concentrations were still well below those in BF infants. Regardless of diet, occipital cortex showed selectively higher lutein deposition than other brain regions, suggesting lutein's role in visual processing in early life.
叶黄素是一种黄色的类胡萝卜素，选择性地在灵长类动物的视网膜和大脑中积累。叶黄素可能在神经和视网膜发育中起着关键作用，但很少有研究调查饮食来源对婴儿体内生物积累的影响。
我们探索了母乳喂养或配方奶喂养后婴儿恒河猴叶黄素的生物积累。
从出生到 6 个月大，雄性和雌性恒河猴（Macaca mulatta）分别进行母乳喂养（BF）（n=8）、喂养添加叶黄素、玉米黄质、β-胡萝卜素和番茄红素的配方奶（237、19.0、74.2 和 338 nmol/kg，补充配方奶喂养；SF）（n=8）或喂养低浓度这些类胡萝卜素的配方奶（38.6、2.3、21.5 和 0 nmol/kg，未补充配方奶喂养；UF）（n=7）。通过 HPLC 分析血清和组织中的类胡萝卜素浓度。
在 6 个月大时，BF 组的血清、所有大脑区域、黄斑和周边视网膜、脂肪组织、肝脏和其他组织中的叶黄素浓度明显高于两个配方奶喂养组（P<0.001）。SF 组的血清和所有组织中的叶黄素浓度均高于 UF 组，除黄斑视网膜外。叶黄素在大脑区域分布不均，枕叶皮质的浓度最高，与饮食无关。玉米黄质存在于所有大脑区域，但仅存在于 BF 婴儿中；它存在于所有视网膜区域，但 BF 婴儿中的含量明显高于任何配方组（P<0.001）。β-胡萝卜素在所有大脑区域积累，但在视网膜中未检测到。虽然 SF 组的许多组织中都发现了番茄红素，但在大脑或视网膜中均未检测到。
尽管婴儿配方奶粉中的类胡萝卜素补充显著增加了血清和组织中叶黄素的浓度，与未补充配方奶粉相比，但浓度仍远低于母乳喂养的婴儿。无论饮食如何，枕叶皮质的叶黄素沉积选择性高于其他大脑区域，表明叶黄素在生命早期的视觉处理中发挥作用。
