Popper Arthur N, Hawkins Anthony D
Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA.
Loughine Ltd., Kincraig, Blairs, Aberdeen, AB12 5YT, United Kingdom.
J Acoust Soc Am. 2018 Jan;143(1):470. doi: 10.1121/1.5021594.
This paper considers the importance of particle motion to fishes and invertebrates and the steps that need to be taken to improve knowledge of its effects. It is aimed at scientists investigating the impacts of sounds on fishes and invertebrates but it is also relevant to regulators, those preparing environmental impact assessments, and to industries creating underwater sounds. The overall aim of this paper is to ensure that proper attention is paid to particle motion as a stimulus when evaluating the effects of sound upon aquatic life. Directions are suggested for future research and planning that, if implemented, will provide a better scientific basis for dealing with the impact of underwater sounds on marine ecosystems and for regulating those human activities that generate such sounds. The paper includes background material on underwater acoustics, focusing on particle motion; the importance of particle motion to fishes and invertebrates; and sound propagation through both water and the substrate. Consideration is then given to the data gaps that must be filled in order to better understand the interactions between particle motion and aquatic animals. Finally, suggestions are provided on how to increase the understanding of particle motion and its relevance to aquatic animals.
本文探讨了粒子运动对鱼类和无脊椎动物的重要性以及为增进对其影响的了解而需采取的步骤。它面向研究声音对鱼类和无脊椎动物影响的科学家，但对监管机构、编写环境影响评估的人员以及产生水下声音的行业也具有相关性。本文的总体目标是确保在评估声音对水生生物的影响时，能适当关注粒子运动这一刺激因素。文中针对未来研究和规划提出了方向，若得以实施，将为应对水下声音对海洋生态系统的影响以及规范产生此类声音的人类活动提供更好的科学依据。本文包含水下声学的背景材料，重点是粒子运动；粒子运动对鱼类和无脊椎动物的重要性；以及声音在水和基质中的传播。接着考虑了为更好理解粒子运动与水生动物之间的相互作用而必须填补的数据空白。最后，就如何增进对粒子运动及其与水生动物相关性的理解提出了建议。
