Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Atlanta, GA 30341, USA.
Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Atlanta, GA 30341, USA.
Environ Res. 2018 May;163:1-9. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.01.033. Epub 2018 Feb 3.
Crotonaldehyde is an α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compound that is a potent eye, respiratory, and skin irritant. Crotonaldehyde is a major constituent of tobacco smoke and its exposure can be quantified using its urinary metabolite N-acetyl-S-(3-hydroxypropyl-1-methyl)-L-cysteine (HPMM). A large-scale biomonitoring study is needed to determine HPMM levels, as a measure of crotonaldehyde exposure, in the general U.S.
Urine samples were obtained as part of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005-2006 and 2011-2012 from participants who were at least six-years-old (N = 4692). Samples were analyzed for HPMM using ultra performance liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometry. Exclusive tobacco smokers were distinguished from non- tobacco users through a combination of self-reporting and serum cotinine data.
Detection rate of HPMM among eligible samples was 99.9%. Sample-weighted, median urinary HPMM levels for smokers and non-users were 1.61 and 0.313 mg/g creatinine, respectively. Multivariable regression analysis among smokers showed that HPMM was positively associated with serum cotinine, after controlling for survey year, urinary creatinine, age, sex, race, poverty level, body mass index, pre-exam fasting time, and food intake. Other significant predictors of urinary HPMM include sex (female > male), age (children > non-user adults), race (non-Hispanic Blacks < non-Hispanic Whites).
This study characterizes U.S. population exposure to crotonaldehyde and confirms that tobacco smoke is a major exposure source. Urinary HPMM levels were significantly higher among exclusive combusted tobacco users compared to non-users, and serum cotinine and cigarettes per day were significant predictors of increased urinary HPMM. This study also found that sex, age, ethnicity, pre-exam fasting time, and fruit consumption are related to urinary HPMM levels.
巴豆醛是一种α，β-不饱和羰基化合物，具有强烈的眼、呼吸和皮肤刺激性。巴豆醛是烟草烟雾的主要成分，可以通过其尿液代谢物 N-乙酰-S-(3-羟基丙基-1-甲基)-L-半胱氨酸（HPMM）来量化其暴露量。需要进行大规模的生物监测研究，以确定美国普通人群中 HPMM 水平，作为巴豆醛暴露的衡量标准。
尿液样本是作为 2005-2006 年和 2011-2012 年全国健康和营养调查的一部分从至少 6 岁的参与者中获得的（N=4692）。使用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法分析 HPMM。通过自我报告和血清可替宁数据的结合，将专性烟草使用者与非烟草使用者区分开来。
合格样本中 HPMM 的检出率为 99.9%。吸烟者和非使用者的尿液 HPMM 水平的样本加权中位数分别为 1.61 和 0.313mg/g 肌酐。在吸烟者中进行多变量回归分析显示，在控制了调查年份、尿液肌酐、年龄、性别、种族、贫困水平、体重指数、体检前禁食时间和食物摄入量后，HPMM 与血清可替宁呈正相关。尿液 HPMM 的其他显著预测因子包括性别（女性>男性）、年龄（儿童>非使用者成年人）、种族（非西班牙裔黑人<非西班牙裔白人）。
本研究描述了美国人群巴豆醛暴露情况，并证实烟草烟雾是主要暴露源。与非使用者相比，专性燃烧烟草使用者的尿液 HPMM 水平显著更高，血清可替宁和每天吸烟支数是尿液 HPMM 升高的显著预测因子。本研究还发现，性别、年龄、种族、体检前禁食时间和水果摄入量与尿液 HPMM 水平有关。
