Wageningen Economic Research, Wageningen UR, Wageningen, The Hague, The Netherlands.
Forest and Nature Conservation Group, Wageningen UR, Wageningen, The Hague, The Netherlands.
Environ Manage. 2018 Jul;62(1):128-142. doi: 10.1007/s00267-018-0996-7. Epub 2018 Feb 6.
Dutch policies have advocated sustainable commodity value chains, which have implications for the landscapes from which these commodities originate. This study examines governance and policy options for sustainability in terms of how ecosystem services are addressed in cocoa, soy, tropical timber and palm oil value chains with Dutch links. A range of policies addressing ecosystem services were identified, from market governance (certification, payments for ecosystem services) to multi-actor platforms (roundtables) and public governance (policies and regulations). An analysis of policy narratives and interviews identified if and how ecosystem services are addressed within value chains and policies; how the concept has been incorporated into value chain governance; and which governance options are available. The Dutch government was found to take a steering but indirect role in all the cases, primarily through supporting, financing, facilitating and partnering policies. Interventions mainly from end-of-chain stakeholders located in processing and consumption countries resulted in new market governance, notably voluntary sustainability standards. These have been successful in creating awareness of some ecosystem services and bringing stakeholders together. However, they have not fully addressed all ecosystem services or stakeholders, thus failing to increase the sustainability of value chains or of the landscapes of origin. We argue that chains sourced in tropical landscapes may be governed more effectively for sustainability if voluntary, market policy tools and governance arrangements have more integrated goals that take account of sourcing landscapes and impacts along the entire value chain. Given the international nature of these commodities. These findings have significance for debates on public-private approaches to value chain and landscape governance.
荷兰政策提倡可持续的商品价值链，这对这些商品来源的景观产生了影响。本研究以生态系统服务为重点，探讨了与荷兰有关的可可、大豆、热带木材和棕榈油价值链中可持续性的治理和政策选择。确定了一系列解决生态系统服务的政策，从市场治理（认证、生态系统服务付费）到多利益相关者平台（圆桌会议）和公共治理（政策和法规）。通过政策叙述和访谈的分析，确定了生态系统服务是否以及如何在价值链和政策中得到解决；该概念如何融入价值链治理；以及有哪些治理选择可用。研究发现，荷兰政府在所有案例中都扮演着引导但间接的角色，主要通过支持、资助、促进和合作政策来实现。主要来自加工和消费国价值链末端的利益相关者的干预措施导致了新的市场治理，特别是自愿可持续性标准。这些措施成功地提高了人们对一些生态系统服务的认识，并将利益相关者聚集在一起。然而，它们并没有完全解决所有的生态系统服务或利益相关者，因此未能提高价值链或来源地景观的可持续性。我们认为，如果自愿的、基于市场的政策工具和治理安排具有更综合的目标，考虑到来源地景观和整个价值链的影响，那么源自热带景观的供应链可能会更有效地实现可持续性。鉴于这些商品的国际性质，这些发现对于关于公私合作的价值链和景观治理的辩论具有重要意义。
