Department of Molecular Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.
Adv Exp Med Biol. 2018;1048:85-98. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-72041-8_6.
Application of nanomaterials in nearly every single branch of industry results in their accumulation in both abiotic environment and tissues of living organisms. Despite the common use of nanomaterials, we are not able to precisely define their toxicity towards humans and surrounding biota. Although we were able to determine final effects of chronic exposure to nanoparticles which consist of many pathologies such as respiratory diseases, allergies, diseases of cardiovascular system, disorders in embryonic life differentiation and growth disorders, toxic effects on the immune system and cancers. The most predominantly investigated feature of most nanoparticles is their ability to induce oxidative stress on cellular level. Imbalance in redox state of cells can lead to various malfunctions in their internal metabolism, which in turn can lead to mentioned pathologies on the organismal level if the exposure is persistent and spread wide enough. Imbalance in redox state translate into production of reactive oxygen species in amounts impossible to be scavenged in given time. Many reactive oxygen species play crucial role in physiological processes in properly functioning cells. It was proven on numerous occasions that abundance of ROS, aside from oxidative damage, can lead to more subtle adverse effects tied to disturbances in intra- and intercellular signaling pathways. In this chapter we would like to address the nanoparticle-induced redox imbalance in cells and its effects.
纳米材料在几乎每个工业领域的应用都会导致它们在非生物环境和生物体内组织中的积累。尽管纳米材料被广泛应用，但我们仍无法准确确定它们对人类和周围生物群的毒性。尽管我们能够确定长期暴露于纳米颗粒的最终影响，这些纳米颗粒包括许多病理学，如呼吸道疾病、过敏、心血管系统疾病、胚胎生命分化和生长障碍以及免疫系统和癌症紊乱。大多数纳米颗粒最受关注的特征是它们在细胞水平上诱导氧化应激的能力。细胞氧化还原状态的失衡会导致其内部代谢的各种功能障碍，如果暴露持续时间足够长且分布足够广泛，这反过来又会导致机体水平上的上述病理学。氧化还原状态的失衡导致在给定时间内无法清除的大量活性氧的产生。许多活性氧在正常功能细胞的生理过程中起着至关重要的作用。已经多次证明，除了氧化损伤之外，ROS 的丰度还会导致与细胞内和细胞间信号通路紊乱相关的更微妙的不良反应。在本章中，我们将讨论纳米颗粒诱导的细胞内氧化还原失衡及其影响。
