Olney Jeffrey J, Warlow Shelley M, Naffziger Erin E, Berridge Kent C
Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109.
Curr Opin Behav Sci. 2018 Aug;22:59-69. doi: 10.1016/j.cobeha.2018.01.007. Epub 2018 Jan 30.
Affective neuroscience research has revealed that reward contains separable components of 'liking', 'wanting', and learning. Here we focus on current 'liking' and 'wanting' findings and applications to clinical disorders. 'Liking' is the hedonic impact derived from a pleasant experience, and is amplified by opioid and related signals in discrete sites located in limbic-related brain areas. 'Wanting' refers to incentive salience, a motivation process for reward, and is mediated by larger systems involving mesocorticolimbic dopamine. Deficits in incentive salience may contribute to avolitional features of depression and related disorders, whereas deficits in hedonic impact may produce true anhedonia. Excesses in incentive salience, on the other hand, can lead to addiction, especially when narrowly focused on a particular target. Finally, a fearful form of motivational salience may even contribute to some paranoia symptoms of schizophrenia and related disorders.
情感神经科学研究表明，奖赏包含“喜好”“渴望”和学习等可分离的成分。在此，我们聚焦于当前关于“喜好”和“渴望”的研究发现及其在临床疾病中的应用。“喜好”是源自愉悦体验的享乐影响，由位于边缘系统相关脑区的离散部位中的阿片类及相关信号增强。“渴望”指的是动机显著性，即奖赏的动机过程，由涉及中脑皮质边缘多巴胺的更大系统介导。动机显著性的缺陷可能导致抑郁及相关疾病的意志缺失特征，而享乐影响的缺陷可能产生真正的快感缺失。另一方面，动机显著性的过度可能导致成瘾，尤其是当狭隘地聚焦于特定目标时。最后，一种恐惧形式的动机显著性甚至可能导致精神分裂症及相关疾病的一些妄想症状。
