Department of Psychiatry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India.
Drug De-addiction & Treatment Centre (DDTC), Department of Psychiatry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India.
Asian J Psychiatr. 2018 Mar;33:18-29. doi: 10.1016/j.ajp.2018.02.017. Epub 2018 Feb 24.
Despite its political sensitivity, little scientifically valid evidence on the prevalence, pattern and treatment need of substance use in the northern border state of Punjab, India is available till date.
The 'universe' for the survey was the entire house-dwelling population of Punjab, of both genders, aged 11-60 years. Stratified multistage sampling technique was used. Following a pilot study, data were collected by trained research workers by face-to-face interview using pre-tested survey instruments.
From 6398 households, 13,925 respondents were interviewed. Prevalence of lifetime and current (12 month) dependence on any substance were 15.8% (95% confidence interval [CI] 15.1-16.4%) and 14.7% (95% CI 14.1-15.3%) respectively. Of the specific substances, current dependence was the highest on alcohol (10.9%; 95% CI 10.3-11.4%), followed by tobacco (8.1%; 95% CI 7.7-8.6%). Regarding opioids, lifetime use was 1.9% (95% CI 1.6-2.1%) and current dependence 0.8% (95%CI 0.7-1.0%). Use of and dependence on natural opioids was the highest. After projecting these figures to the entire source population of the state, number of currently dependent alcohol, tobacco and opioid users were 2.2, 1.6, and 0.17 million, respectively. Overall, substance use was predominant in men and significantly more common in rural areas. Majority (81%) of the tobacco users, and 51% each of alcohol and opioid users needed intervention. However, merely one in six subjects sought any professional help.
Punjab has a substantive problem related to substance use. Though alcohol and tobacco are by far the major substances of use and dependence, the large number of opioid users also raises concern. Treatment services need scaling-up.
尽管存在政治敏感性，但截至目前，印度旁遮普邦北部边境地区的物质使用流行率、模式和治疗需求方面，几乎没有科学有效的证据。
该调查的“总体”是旁遮普邦所有性别、年龄在 11-60 岁之间的常住家庭居民。采用分层多阶段抽样技术。在进行试点研究之后，由经过培训的研究人员使用预先测试的调查工具通过面对面访谈收集数据。
从 6398 户家庭中，对 13925 名受访者进行了访谈。终生和当前（12 个月）对任何物质依赖的患病率分别为 15.8%（95%置信区间[CI] 15.1-16.4%）和 14.7%（95% CI 14.1-15.3%）。在特定物质中，当前依赖程度最高的是酒精（10.9%；95% CI 10.3-11.4%），其次是烟草（8.1%；95% CI 7.7-8.6%）。至于阿片类药物，终生使用率为 1.9%（95% CI 1.6-2.1%），当前依赖率为 0.8%（95%CI 0.7-1.0%）。使用和依赖天然阿片类药物的情况最为严重。将这些数字投射到该邦的整个源人口后，目前依赖酒精、烟草和阿片类药物的人数分别为 220 万、160 万和 17 万。总体而言，物质使用在男性中更为普遍，且在农村地区更为常见。81%的烟草使用者、51%的酒精使用者和 51%的阿片类药物使用者需要干预。然而，仅有六分之一的患者寻求任何专业帮助。
旁遮普邦存在与物质使用相关的实质性问题。尽管酒精和烟草是迄今为止主要的使用和依赖物质，但大量的阿片类药物使用者也引起了关注。治疗服务需要扩大规模。
