Talhinhas Pedro, Loureiro Andreia, Oliveira Helena
LEAF-Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal.
Mol Plant Pathol. 2018 Mar 8;19(8):1797-807. doi: 10.1111/mpp.12676.
Olive anthracnose causes fruit rot leading to its drop or mummification, resulting in yield losses and the degradation of oil quality.
The disease is caused by diverse species of Colletotrichum, mostly clustering in the C. acutatum species complex. Colletotrichum nymphaeae and C. godetiae are the prevalent species in the Northern Hemisphere, whereas C. acutatum sensu stricto is the most frequent species in the Southern Hemisphere, although it is recently and quickly emerging in the Northern Hemisphere. The disease has been reported from all continents, but it attains higher incidence and severity in the west of the Mediterranean Basin, where it is endemic in traditional orchards of susceptible cultivars.
The pathogens are able to survive on vegetative organs. On the fruit surface, infections remain quiescent until fruit maturity, when typical anthracnose symptoms develop. Under severe epidemics, defoliation and death of branches can also occur. Pathogen species differ in virulence, although this depends on the cultivar.
The selection of resistant cultivars depends strongly on pathogen diversity and environmental conditions, posing added difficulties to breeding efforts. Chemical disease control is normally achieved with copper-based fungicides, although this may be insufficient under highly favourable disease conditions and causes concern because of the presence of fungicide residues in the oil. In areas in which the incidence is high, farmers tend to anticipate harvest, with consequences in yield and oil characteristics.
Olive production systems, harvest and post-harvest processing have experienced profound changes in recent years, namely new training systems using specific cultivars, new harvest and processing techniques and new organoleptic market requests. Changes are also occurring in both the geographical distribution of pathogen populations and the taxonomic framework. In addition, stricter rules concerning pesticide use are likely to have a strong impact on control strategies. A detailed knowledge of pathogen diversity, population dynamics and host-pathogen interactions is basal for the deployment of durable and effective disease control strategies, whether based on resistance breeding, agronomic practices or biological or chemical control.
油橄榄炭疽病会导致果实腐烂，致使果实掉落或干缩成僵果，从而造成产量损失并降低油的品质。
该病由多种炭疽菌引起，大多集中在尖孢炭疽菌复合种中。睡莲炭疽菌和戈代蒂炭疽菌是北半球的优势种，而狭义尖孢炭疽菌是南半球最常见的种，不过它最近在北半球迅速出现。各大洲均有该病的报道，但在地中海盆地西部发病率和严重程度更高，在那里的传统果园中，易感品种上该病呈地方流行。
病原菌能够在营养器官上存活。在果实表面，感染在果实成熟前一直处于潜伏状态，直到典型的炭疽病症状出现。在严重流行时，也会发生落叶和枝条死亡。病原菌的毒力因种而异，不过这也取决于品种。
抗性品种的选择很大程度上取决于病原菌的多样性和环境条件，给育种工作带来了额外困难。化学病害防治通常使用铜基杀菌剂，不过在病害高发的有利条件下可能效果不佳，而且由于油中存在杀菌剂残留而引发担忧。在发病率高的地区，农民往往会提前采收，这会对产量和油的特性产生影响。
近年来，油橄榄生产系统、采收和采后加工发生了深刻变化，即采用特定品种的新整形修剪系统、新的采收和加工技术以及新的感官品质市场需求。病原菌种群的地理分布和分类框架也在发生变化。此外，更严格的农药使用规定可能会对防治策略产生重大影响。无论是基于抗性育种、农艺措施还是生物或化学防治，详细了解病原菌的多样性、种群动态和寄主 - 病原菌相互作用是部署持久有效的病害防治策略的基础。
