Department of Agricultural, Food and Forest Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.
Department of Biological, Chemical, and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.
Insect Sci. 2018 Aug;25(4):562-580. doi: 10.1111/1744-7917.12588. Epub 2018 Apr 26.
The general increase of the cultivation and trade of Bt transgenic plants resistant to Lepidoptera pests raises concerns regarding the conservation of animal and plant biodiversity. Demand for biofuels has increased the cultivation and importation of oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.), including transgenic lines. In environmental risk assessments (ERAs) for its potential future cultivation as well as for food and feed uses, the impact on wild Brassicaeae relatives and on non-target Lepidoptera should be assessed. Here we consider the potential exposure of butterflies as results of possible cultivation or naturalization of spilled seed in Sicily (Italy). Diurnal Lepidoptera, which are pollinators, can be exposed directly to the insecticidal proteins as larvae (mainly of Pieridae) through the host and through the pollen that can deposit on other host plants. Adults can be exposed via pollen and nectar. The flight periods of butterflies were recorded, and they were found to overlap for about 90% of the flowering period of B. napus for the majority of the species. In addition, B. napus has a high potential to hybridise with endemic taxa belonging to the B. oleracea group. This could lead to an exposure of non-target Lepidoptera if introgression of the Bt gene into a wild population happens. A rank of the risk for butterflies and wild relatives of oilseed rape is given. We conclude that, in environmental risk assessments, attention should be paid to plant-insect interaction especially in a biodiversity hotspot such as Sicily.
抗鳞翅目害虫的 Bt 转基因植物的广泛种植和贸易引发了人们对动植物生物多样性保护的关注。对生物燃料的需求增加了油菜籽（甘蓝型油菜）的种植和进口，包括转基因品系。在对其未来可能种植以及食品和饲料用途的环境风险评估（ERA）中，应评估其对野生芸薹属近缘种和非靶标鳞翅目昆虫的影响。在这里，我们考虑了蝴蝶在意大利西西里岛可能的种植或逃逸种子自然归化情况下的潜在暴露风险。作为传粉者的昼行性蝴蝶，幼虫期（主要为粉蝶科）可以通过寄主直接接触到杀虫蛋白，也可以通过花粉接触到其他寄主植物。成虫可以通过花粉和花蜜接触到杀虫蛋白。记录了蝴蝶的飞行期，发现它们的飞行期与油菜的大部分开花期重叠了约 90%。此外，油菜具有与属于甘蓝型油菜组的特有种杂交的高潜力。如果 Bt 基因发生基因渗入，这可能会导致非靶标鳞翅目昆虫暴露。我们对蝴蝶和油菜野生近缘种的风险进行了排序。我们的结论是，在环境风险评估中，应特别关注植物-昆虫相互作用，尤其是在西西里岛这样的生物多样性热点地区。
