Kania Rachel, Cale Jesse
The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
J Interpers Violence. 2021 Mar;36(5-6):2816-2840. doi: 10.1177/0886260518764395. Epub 2018 Mar 20.
The concept of bystander intervention is gaining popularity in universities as a mechanism to prevent sexual violence. Prior research has focused on correlates of bystanders' intentions to intervene and intervention behaviors in situations where there is a risk of sexual violence. The current study builds on this literature by exploring the nature of missed opportunities, including perceived barriers to intervention. In all, 380 Australian undergraduate university students completed an online survey. Measures included a rape myth acceptance scale, bystander intentions to intervene, actual intervention behaviors, missed opportunities for intervention, and perceived barriers for missed opportunities. Promisingly, students reported high levels of intentions to intervene in situations where there was a risk of sexual violence and reported relatively few missed opportunities to do so when these situations did occur. Intervention behaviors varied by important demographic characteristics such as gender, age, attitudes toward sexual violence, and the nature of the situation. Younger female students, with lower levels of rape myth acceptance, who had previously engaged in bystander intervention behaviors were more likely to report intentions to intervene in future risky situations, and female international students reported fewer missed opportunities for intervention. The most common barrier to intervention for identified missed opportunities was a failure to recognize situations as having a potential risk for sexual violence, and students were most likely to intervene in situations when the opportunity to help a friend in distress arose. This study provides some preliminary empirical evidence about bystander intervention against sexual violence among Australian university students, and identifies unique contexts for intervention and what current barriers to intervention may be.
旁观者干预的概念在大学中越来越受欢迎，成为预防性暴力的一种机制。先前的研究集中在性暴力风险情境中旁观者干预意图和干预行为的相关因素上。本研究在此基础上，通过探索错失机会的本质，包括感知到的干预障碍，进一步拓展了这方面的文献。共有380名澳大利亚本科大学生完成了一项在线调查。测量指标包括对强奸谬见的接受程度量表、旁观者的干预意图、实际干预行为、干预的错失机会以及错失机会的感知障碍。令人欣慰的是，学生们报告称，在存在性暴力风险的情境中，他们有很高的干预意图，并且当这些情况实际发生时，报告的干预错失机会相对较少。干预行为因重要的人口统计学特征而异，如性别、年龄、对性暴力的态度以及情境的性质。强奸谬见接受程度较低、之前有过旁观者干预行为的年轻女学生更有可能报告在未来危险情境中的干预意图，而国际女学生报告的干预错失机会较少。对于已确定的错失机会，最常见的干预障碍是未能将情境识别为存在性暴力的潜在风险，并且当有机会帮助处于困境的朋友时，学生们最有可能进行干预。本研究提供了一些关于澳大利亚大学生预防性暴力的旁观者干预的初步实证证据，并确定了独特的干预情境以及当前可能存在的干预障碍。
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