Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet , Box 210, 171 77 Stockholm , Sweden.
Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES) , Stockholm University , 106 91 Stockholm , Sweden.
Environ Sci Technol. 2018 Apr 17;52(8):4878-4888. doi: 10.1021/acs.est.8b00184. Epub 2018 Apr 4.
Children spend a considerable part of their day in preschool, where they may be exposed to hazardous chemicals in indoor dust. In this study, brominated flame retardants (BFRs) and organophosphate esters (OPEs) were analyzed in preschool dust ( n = 100) and children's hand wipe samples ( n = 100), and diphenyl phosphate (DPHP) was analyzed in urine ( n = 113). Here we assessed children's exposure via dust, identified predictors for chemicals in dust, and studied correlations between different exposure measures. The most abundant BFRs in dust were decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) and decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) found at median levels of 270 and 110 ng/g dust, respectively. Tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP) was the most abundant OPE, found at a median level of 79 000 ng/g dust. For all OPEs and some BFRs, there were significant correlations between the levels in dust and hand wipes. In addition, triphenyl phosphate (TPHP) in preschool dust was significantly correlated with the corresponding metabolite DPHP in children's urine. The levels of pentaBDEs in dust were higher in older preschools compared with newer, whereas levels of DBDPE were higher in newer preschools. Children's estimated intakes of individual BFRs and OPEs via preschool dust were below available health-based reference values. However, there are uncertainties about the potential health effects of some emerging BFRs and OPEs.
儿童在学前教育机构中度过了相当一部分时间，他们可能会接触到室内灰尘中的有害化学物质。在这项研究中，对学前教育机构灰尘（n=100）和儿童手部擦拭物样本（n=100）中的溴化阻燃剂（BFRs）和有机磷酸酯（OPEs）进行了分析，并在尿液（n=113）中分析了磷酸二苯酯（DPHP）。在这里，我们评估了儿童通过灰尘的暴露情况，确定了灰尘中化学物质的预测因素，并研究了不同暴露测量之间的相关性。灰尘中最丰富的 BFRs 是十溴二苯醚（BDE-209）和十溴二苯乙烷（DBDPE），其浓度中位数分别为 270 和 110ng/g 灰尘。三（2-丁氧基乙基）磷酸酯（TBOEP）是最丰富的 OPE，浓度中位数为 79,000ng/g 灰尘。对于所有 OPEs 和一些 BFRs，灰尘和手部擦拭物中的水平之间存在显著相关性。此外，学前教育机构灰尘中的磷酸三苯酯（TPHP）与儿童尿液中相应的代谢物 DPHP 显著相关。与较新的幼儿园相比，旧幼儿园灰尘中的五溴二苯醚（pentaBDEs）水平更高，而新幼儿园中的 DBDPE 水平更高。儿童通过学前教育机构灰尘摄入的个体 BFRs 和 OPEs 的估计量低于现有基于健康的参考值。然而，对于一些新兴的 BFRs 和 OPEs，其潜在健康影响仍存在不确定性。
