School of Environment, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health , Jinan University , Guangzhou , 510632 , China.
Cooperative Wildlife Research Laboratory and Department of Zoology , Southern Illinois University , Carbondale , Illinois 62901 , United States.
Environ Sci Technol. 2018 Oct 2;52(19):11017-11026. doi: 10.1021/acs.est.8b02933. Epub 2018 Sep 21.
The present study investigated the occurrence of 20 organophosphate esters (OPEs) in house dust from 51 South China homes and the risks of human exposure to OPEs via two pathways: dust ingestion and hand-to-mouth contact. In addition to several traditional OPEs, five out of six novel OPEs, including bisphenol A bis(deiphenyl phosphate) (BPA-BDPP), t-butylphenyl diphenyl phosphate (BPDPP), cresyl diphenyl phosphate (CDP), isodecyl diphenyl phosphate (IDDPP), and resorcinol-bis(diphenyl)phosphate (RDP), were frequently detected in house dust (median concentration: 59.7-531 ng/g). Eight of the 20 target OPEs were frequently detected in hand wipes collected from adults and children ( n = 51 and 31, respectively), which in combination (referred to as ΣOPEs) had a median mass of 76.9 and 58.9 ng, respectively. Increasing dust concentrations of ΣOPEs or three individual substances among these eight OPEs, including tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCIPP), tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCIPP), and triphenyl phosphate (TPHP), were strongly associated with their levels in children's hand wipes ( p < 0.05 in all cases). By contrast, in adults' hand wipes only TPHP exhibited a marginally significant association with dust concentrations ( p = 0.04). Levels of ΣOPEs in hand wipes from children, but not adults, were inversely influenced by hand washing frequency ( p = 0.002), while indoor temperature was inversely associated with hand wipe levels of ΣOPEs from both children and adults ( p = 0.01 and 0.002, respectively). Exposure estimation suggests that hand-to-mouth contact represents another important pathway in addition to dust ingestion and that children are subjected to higher OPE exposure than adults.
本研究调查了华南地区 51 户家庭灰尘中 20 种有机磷酸酯（OPEs）的含量，并通过两种途径（灰尘摄入和手口接触）评估了人体接触 OPEs 的风险。除了几种传统的 OPEs 外，在家庭灰尘中还经常检测到五种新型 OPEs，包括双酚 A 双（二苯基磷酸酯）（BPA-BDPP）、叔丁基苯基二苯基磷酸酯（BPDPP）、邻苯二甲酸二（2-丁氧基）乙酯（DBP）、异癸基二苯基磷酸酯（IDPP）和间苯二酚双（二苯基）磷酸酯（RDP）（中位数浓度：59.7-531ng/g）。在所采集的成人和儿童的手拭样本中，有 8 种 20 种目标 OPEs 经常被检测到（成人和儿童的样本量分别为 51 份和 31 份），将这 8 种 OPEs 结合起来（称为ΣOPEs），其质量中位数分别为 76.9 和 58.9ng。灰尘中ΣOPEs 浓度或这 8 种 OPEs 中的 3 种物质（三氯生（TCPP）、三（1-氯-2-丙基）磷酸酯（TDCPP）和磷酸三苯酯（TPHP））浓度的增加与儿童手拭样本中的浓度呈显著正相关（所有情况下 p<0.05）。相比之下，在成人手拭样本中，只有 TPHP 与灰尘浓度呈边缘显著正相关（p=0.04）。儿童手拭样本中ΣOPEs 的浓度与手洗频率呈负相关（p=0.002），而室内温度与儿童和成人手拭样本中ΣOPEs 的浓度呈负相关（p=0.01 和 0.002）。暴露评估表明，手口接触是除灰尘摄入以外的另一个重要途径，而且儿童比成人更容易接触 OPEs。
