Carnero A M, Kitayama K, Diaz D A, Garvich M, Angulo N, Cama V A, Gilman R H, Bayer A M
Facultad de Salud Pública y Administración, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.
Division of Infectious Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Zoonoses Public Health. 2018 Aug;65(5):528-539. doi: 10.1111/zph.12463. Epub 2018 Mar 30.
Interspecies transmission of pathogens is an unfrequent but naturally occurring event and human activities may favour opportunities not previously reported. Reassortment of zoonotic pathogens like influenza A virus can result from these activities. Recently, swine and birds have played a central role as "mixing vessels" for epidemic and pandemic events related to strains like H1N1 and H5N1. Unsafe practices in poultry markets and swine farms can lead to interspecies transmission, favouring the emergence of novel strains. Thus, understanding practices that lead to interspecies interactions is crucial. This qualitative study aimed to evaluate poultry processing practices in formal and informal markets and the use of leftovers by swine farmers in three Peruvian cities: Lima (capital), Tumbes (coastal) and Tarapoto (jungle). We conducted 80 direct observations at formal and informal markets and interviewed 15 swine farmers. Processors slaughter and pluck chickens and vendors and/or processors eviscerate chickens. Food safety and hygiene practices were suboptimal or absent, although some heterogeneity was observed between cities and chicken vendors versus processors. Both vendors (76%) and processors (100%) sold the chicken viscera leftovers to swine farmers, representing the main source of chicken viscera for swine farms (53%). Swine farmers fed the chicken viscera to their swine. Chicken viscera cooking times varied widely and were insufficient in some cases. Non-abattoired poultry leads to the sale of poultry leftovers to small-scale swine farms, resulting in indirect but frequent interspecies contacts that can lead to interspecies transmission of bacterial pathogens or the reassortment of influenza A viruses. These interactions are exacerbated by suboptimal safety and hygiene conditions. People involved in these activities constitute an at-risk population who could play a central role in preventing the transmission of pathogens between species. Educational interventions on hygiene and food safety practices will be important for reducing the risk of interspecies influenza transmission.
病原体的跨物种传播是一种不常见但自然发生的事件，而人类活动可能会增加此前未报道过的传播机会。甲型流感病毒等动物源性病原体的重配可能源于这些活动。最近，猪和禽类在与H1N1和H5N1等毒株相关的流行和大流行事件中扮演了“混合容器”的核心角色。家禽市场和养猪场的不安全做法可能导致跨物种传播，促使新毒株出现。因此，了解导致跨物种相互作用的做法至关重要。这项定性研究旨在评估秘鲁三个城市（首都利马、沿海城市通贝斯和丛林城市塔拉波托）正规和非正规市场的家禽加工做法以及养猪户对剩菜的利用情况。我们在正规和非正规市场进行了80次直接观察，并采访了15位养猪户。加工者宰杀和拔毛鸡，摊贩和/或加工者取出鸡的内脏。食品安全和卫生做法欠佳或缺失，尽管不同城市以及鸡摊贩与加工者之间存在一些差异。摊贩（76%）和加工者（100%）都将鸡内脏剩菜卖给养猪户，这是养猪场鸡内脏的主要来源（53%）。养猪户将鸡内脏喂给猪。鸡内脏的烹饪时间差异很大，在某些情况下还不够。未经屠宰场处理的家禽导致家禽剩菜卖给小规模养猪场，造成间接但频繁的跨物种接触，可能导致细菌性病原体的跨物种传播或甲型流感病毒的重配。这些相互作用因欠佳的安全和卫生条件而加剧。参与这些活动的人是高危人群，他们在预防病原体跨物种传播方面可能发挥核心作用。关于卫生和食品安全做法的教育干预对于降低跨物种流感传播风险将很重要。
