Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Environmental Health (LANEH), School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, PR China; Department of Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Technology, University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Environmental Health (LANEH), School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, PR China.
Environ Int. 2018 Jun;115:205-219. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.03.034. Epub 2018 Mar 28.
Antibiotics used globally to treat human and animal diseases exist ubiquitously in the environment at low doses because of misuse, overdose and poor absorption after ingestion, coupled with their high-water solubility and degradation resistance. However, the systemic chronic effects of exposure to low environmental concentrations of antibiotics (LECAs) and legal aquaculture doses of antibiotics (LADAs) in fish and their human health risk are currently unknown.
To investigate the in vivo chronic effects of exposure to LECAs and LADAs using oxytetracycline (OTC) and sulfamethoxazole (SMZ) in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and their human health risk.
Twenty O. niloticus weighing 27.73 ± 0.81 g were exposed to water containing LECAs (OTC at 420 ng/L and SMZ at 260 ng/L) and diets supplemented with LADAs (OTC 80 mg/kg/day and SMZ 100 mg/kg/day) for twelve weeks. General physiological functions, metabolic activities, intestinal and hepatic health were systemically evaluated. The possible human health risks of the consumption of the experimental Nile tilapia fillets in adults and children were assessed by using risk quotient.
After exposure, we observed retarded growth performance accompanied by reduced nutrients digestibility, feed efficiency, organ indices, and lipid body composition in treated fish. Antibiotics distorted intestinal morphological features subsequently induced microbiota dysbiosis and suppressed intestinal tight junction proteins. Exposure of fish to LECAs and LADAs induced oxidative stress, suppressed innate immunity, stimulated inflammatory and detoxification responses, concomitantly inhibited antioxidant capacity and caused lipid peroxidation in intestine and liver organs. Both LECAs and LADAs enhanced gluconeogenesis, inhibited lipogenesis and fatty acid beta oxidation in intestine and liver organs. The exposure of fish to LECAs and LADAs induced anaerobic glycolytic pathway and affected intestinal fat catabolism in intestine while halted aerobic glycolysis, increased hepatic fat catabolism, and induced DNA damage in liver. The hazard risk quotient in children for fish treated with OTCD was >1 indicating human health risk.
Overall, both LECAs and LADAs impair general physiological functions, nutritional metabolism, and compromise fish immune system. Consumption of fish fed with legal OTC provokes health risk in children. Global stringent prohibition policy for use of antibiotics in aquaculture production and strategies to limit their release into the environment are urgently required to protect human health.
由于抗生素的滥用、过量使用和摄入后吸收不良，再加上其高水溶性和抗降解性，在全球范围内用于治疗人类和动物疾病的抗生素在环境中以低剂量普遍存在。然而，目前尚不清楚鱼类接触低环境浓度抗生素（LECAs）和合法水产养殖剂量抗生素（LADAs）以及这些抗生素对人类健康的系统性慢性影响。
使用土霉素（OTC）和磺胺甲恶唑（SMZ）在尼罗罗非鱼（Oreochromis niloticus）中研究暴露于 LECAs 和 LADAs 的体内慢性影响及其对人类健康的风险。
将 20 条体重为 27.73±0.81 g 的尼罗罗非鱼暴露于含有 LECAs（OTC 420 ng/L 和 SMZ 260 ng/L）的水中，并在饲料中添加 LADAs（OTC 80 mg/kg/天和 SMZ 100 mg/kg/天），为期 12 周。系统评估了一般生理功能、代谢活性、肠道和肝脏健康。通过风险商数评估食用实验性尼罗罗非鱼鱼片对成人和儿童的可能健康风险。
暴露后，我们观察到处理过的鱼生长性能下降，同时伴随着营养物质消化率、饲料效率、器官指数和脂质体组成降低。抗生素改变了肠道形态特征，随后诱导了微生物群落失调，并抑制了肠道紧密连接蛋白。LECAs 和 LADAs 的暴露诱导了氧化应激，抑制了固有免疫，刺激了炎症和解毒反应，同时抑制了抗氧化能力并导致了肠道和肝脏器官的脂质过氧化。LECAs 和 LADAs 均增强了肠道和肝脏中的糖异生，抑制了脂生成和脂肪酸β氧化。鱼暴露于 LECAs 和 LADAs 会诱导无氧糖酵解途径并影响肠道脂肪分解，同时停止有氧糖酵解，增加肝脏脂肪分解，并导致肝脏 DNA 损伤。儿童摄入 OTCD 处理的鱼的危害风险商数>1，表明存在健康风险。
总之，LECAs 和 LADAs 均损害了鱼类的一般生理功能、营养代谢，并损害了鱼类的免疫系统。食用添加合法 OTC 的鱼类会对儿童健康造成危害。为了保护人类健康，迫切需要在水产养殖生产中实施严格禁止使用抗生素的全球政策，并采取限制抗生素释放到环境中的策略。
