Department of Kinesiology, Texas Woman's University, P.O. Box 425647, Denton, TX, 76204, USA.
University of Tennessee-Knoxville, 1122 Volunteer Boulevard, Knoxville, TN, 37996-3400, USA.
Psychol Res. 2020 Mar;84(2):285-291. doi: 10.1007/s00426-018-0999-2. Epub 2018 Apr 3.
Attentional focus research suggests an external focus leads to improved motor performance compared to an internal focus (Wulf in Int Rev Sport Exerc Psychol 6:77-104, 2013), but skilled athletes often report using an internal focus (Fairbrother et al., Front Psychol 7:1028, 2016) and sometimes shifting between different foci in the preparation and execution phases of performance (Bernier et al. in J Appl Sport Psychol 23:326-341, 2011; Bernier et al. in Sport Psychol 30:256-266, 2016). To date, focus shifts have been unexplored in experimental research, thus the purpose of this study was to determine the effect of shifting focus between the preparation and execution phases of a standing long jump. Participants (N = 29) completed two jumps in a control condition (CON), followed by two jumps in four experimental conditions presented in a counterbalanced order. Conditions included using an external focus (EF) and internal focus (IF) in both preparation and execution of the skill, as well as shifting from an internal focus in preparation to an external focus in execution (ITE), and an external focus in preparation to an internal focus in execution (ETI). Jump distance was analyzed with a repeated measures ANOVA. The main effect of condition was significant, p < .001, with EF producing longer jumps than all other conditions (p's < 0.05). ITE also generated farther jumps than IF and CON (p's < 0.05). The superiority of the EF and ITE conditions suggests that the focus employed in execution has the strongest impact on performance. Additionally, if an internal focus must be used in preparation, the performance decrement can be ameliorated by shifting to an external focus during execution.
注意焦点研究表明，与内部焦点相比，外部焦点会导致运动表现的提高（Wulf 在 Int Rev Sport Exerc Psychol 6:77-104, 2013 中），但熟练的运动员通常报告使用内部焦点（Fairbrother 等人，Front Psychol 7:1028, 2016），并且在准备和执行阶段的表现之间有时会在不同的焦点之间转换（Bernier 等人，J Appl Sport Psychol 23:326-341, 2011；Bernier 等人，Sport Psychol 30:256-266, 2016）。迄今为止，焦点转移在实验研究中尚未得到探索，因此本研究的目的是确定在站立跳远的准备和执行阶段之间转移焦点对跳远的影响。参与者（N = 29）在对照条件（CON）下完成了两次跳跃，然后在以平衡方式呈现的四个实验条件下各完成了两次跳跃。条件包括在技能的准备和执行中使用外部焦点（EF）和内部焦点（IF），以及从内部焦点准备切换到外部焦点执行（ITE），以及从外部焦点准备切换到内部焦点执行（ETI）。跳跃距离用重复测量方差分析进行分析。条件的主要效果显著，p < .001，EF 产生的跳跃距离比所有其他条件都长（p's < 0.05）。ITE 产生的跳跃距离也比 IF 和 CON 远（p's < 0.05）。EF 和 ITE 条件的优势表明，执行过程中使用的焦点对表现的影响最大。此外，如果必须在准备阶段使用内部焦点，则通过在执行阶段切换到外部焦点可以减轻表现下降。
