Institute for Alcohol and Drug Studies, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, 47005, Valladolid, Spain; Department of Nephrology, Complejo Asistencial de Zamora, 49022, Zamora, Spain.
Institute for Alcohol and Drug Studies, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, 47005, Valladolid, Spain.
Drug Alcohol Depend. 2018 Jun 1;187:35-39. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.02.016. Epub 2018 Mar 29.
Driving under the influence of certain drugs is not allowed, and roadside drug testing is being considered an important tool for deterring driving under the influence of them. This study aimed to assess the presence and concentration of opioids, as well as their combined use with other drugs (laboratory confirmation after the on-road screening) in Spanish drivers between 2011 and 2016.
In Spain, mandatory roadside breath alcohol and oral fluid drug testing (screening) are carried out by the Traffic Police using Dräger Alcotest 6810 device, and Dräger DrugTest 5000, DrugWipe, or Alere™ DDS2 Mobile Test System. For positive cases in the period covered, 65,244, confirmation analysis and quantification using chromatographic techniques were performed.
Opioids were confirmed in 8.6% of positive cases, being 7.2% positives to 6-acetylmorphine (6-AM), 6.5% to morphine, 5.4% to codeine, and 4.1% to methadone. The majority of the confirmed tests for morphine (96.5%), codeine (88.4%) and methadone (81.9) were also positive for 6-AM. The presence of other drugs, particularly cocaine and cannabis, was very common. Concentration values reached important levels. Positive results for morphine (0.1%), codeine (0.6%) or methadone (0.4%) alone were very infrequent.
Drivers with a confirmed positive roadside test for morphine, codeine, and methadone had also consumed heroin and/or other illicit drugs, such as cocaine and/or THC, and at relevant concentrations. Improving interventions to combat the problem of driving under the influence of driving-impairing substances is a priority.
在某些药物的影响下驾驶是不被允许的，路边药物测试被认为是阻止此类行为的重要工具。本研究旨在评估 2011 年至 2016 年期间西班牙驾驶员体内阿片类药物的存在和浓度，以及它们与其他药物联合使用的情况（在道路筛查后进行实验室确认）。
在西班牙，交通警察使用 Dräger Alcotest 6810 设备以及 Dräger DrugTest 5000、DrugWipe 或 Alere™ DDS2 Mobile Test System 对驾驶员进行强制性的路边呼吸酒精和口服液药物测试（筛查）。对于涵盖时间段内的阳性病例，进行了 65244 例确认分析和使用色谱技术进行定量。
在阳性病例中，阿片类药物的确认率为 8.6%，其中 6-乙酰吗啡（6-AM）阳性率为 7.2%，吗啡阳性率为 6.5%，可待因阳性率为 5.4%，美沙酮阳性率为 4.1%。大多数吗啡（96.5%）、可待因（88.4%）和美沙酮（81.9%）的确认检测也呈 6-AM 阳性。其他药物的存在，特别是可卡因和大麻，非常普遍。浓度值达到了重要水平。单独检测出吗啡（0.1%）、可待因（0.6%）或美沙酮（0.4%）阳性的情况非常少见。
在路边测试中被确认为吗啡、可待因和美沙酮阳性的驾驶员也摄入了海洛因和/或其他非法药物，如可卡因和/或四氢大麻酚，且浓度达到了相关水平。优先考虑改进干预措施以打击影响驾驶的物质的驾驶行为是当务之急。
