School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Dongchuan Road 800, Shanghai, 200240, China.
Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai, 200233, China.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2018 Jun;25(17):17058-17065. doi: 10.1007/s11356-018-1915-4. Epub 2018 Apr 10.
Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are the most common form of industrial and municipal wastewater control. To evaluate the performance of wastewater treatment and the potential risk of treated wastewater to aquatic life and human health, the influent and effluent concentrations of nine toxic metals were determined in 12 full-scale WWTPs in Shanghai, China. The performance was evaluated based on national standards for reclamation and aquatic criteria published by US EPA, and by comparison with other full-scale WWTPs in different countries. Potential sources of heavy metals were recognized using partial correlation analysis, hierarchical clustering, and principal component analysis (PCA). Results indicated significant treatment effect on As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Pb, and Zn. The removal efficiencies ranged from 92% (Cr) to 16.7% (Hg). The results indicated potential acute and/or chronic effect of Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn on aquatic life and potential harmful effect of As and Mn on human health for the consumption of water and/or organism. The results of partial correlation analysis, hierarchical clustering based on cosine distance, and PCA, which were consistent with each other, suggested common source of Cd, Cr, Cu, and Pb and common source of As, Hg, Mn, Ni, and Zn. Hierarchical clustering based on Jaccard similarity suggested common source of Cd, Hg, and Ni, which was statistically proved by Fisher's exact test.
污水处理厂（WWTP）是工业和城市污水处理的最常见形式。为了评估污水处理的性能以及处理后的废水对水生生物和人类健康的潜在风险，在中国上海的 12 个全规模 WWTP 中测定了 9 种有毒金属的进水和出水浓度。根据美国环保署发布的回用水和水生生物标准，以及与其他国家的全规模 WWTP 的比较，对性能进行了评估。使用偏相关分析、层次聚类和主成分分析（PCA）识别重金属的潜在来源。结果表明，As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Mn、Pb 和 Zn 具有显著的处理效果。去除效率范围从 92%（Cr）到 16.7%（Hg）。结果表明，Cu、Ni、Pb 和 Zn 对水生生物具有潜在的急性和/或慢性影响，As 和 Mn 对人类健康（通过饮水和/或食用生物体）具有潜在的有害影响。偏相关分析、基于余弦距离的层次聚类和 PCA 的结果相互一致，表明 Cd、Cr、Cu 和 Pb 具有共同的来源，As、Hg、Mn、Ni 和 Zn 也具有共同的来源。基于 Jaccard 相似性的层次聚类表明 Cd、Hg 和 Ni 具有共同的来源，Fisher 精确检验证明了这一点。
