School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
The Frist Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
Environ Res. 2018 Aug;165:32-39. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.04.006. Epub 2018 Apr 14.
In China, university students have unique lifestyles compared with the rest of the youth population, as they are almost entirely isolated in campuses. The number of university students is large, and since students represent the future of human reproduction, exposure to environmental endocrine disruptors (EEDs) may have a large impact on society. In this study, levels of several EEDs, including phthalate metabolites, parabens, bisphenol A (BPA) and its analogues, triclosan (TCS), and benzophenone-3, were determined in 169 urine samples collected from university students in Guangzhou, South China. In addition, to further understand the potential sources of EEDs in their daily lives, a survey of students' lifestyles was conducted. Based on the urinary concentrations of EEDs and the survey results, daily exposure doses of target EEDs and their potential sources were investigated. Our results indicated that nine phthalate metabolites, three parabens, and BPA were ubiquitous (detection frequency > 60%) in the urine of university students. The concentrations of total phthalates (median: 99.4 µg L) were orders of magnitude higher than those of total parabens (7.30 µg L) and of other environmental phenols (0.40 µg L). Significantly higher concentrations of phthalates, parabens, and TCS were found in female versus male students, partly due to the higher usage of personal care products (PCPs) by female students (p < 0.05). The estimated daily intakes (EDIs) of phthalates, parabens, BPA, and TCS were 0.46-1.35, 3.29-10.3, 0.007, and 0.67 µg/kg-bw/day, respectively. The EDIs of phthalates and BPA were much lower than those suggested by the European Food Safety guidelines (10, 50, and 50 µg/kg-bw/day for dibutyl phthalate, diethylhexyl phthalate, and BPA, respectively). Our results indicated that university students were widely exposed to EEDs, but at relatively low doses. PCP usage was the main reason for differences in levels of phthalates (especially diethyl phthalate) and parabens between male and female students in South Chinese universities.
在中国，大学生的生活方式与其他青年群体不同，因为他们几乎完全被隔离在校园中。大学生数量庞大，由于学生代表着人类未来的繁衍，因此接触环境内分泌干扰物 (EEDs) 可能会对社会产生重大影响。在这项研究中，从中国南方广州的 169 名大学生尿液中检测到了几种 EEDs，包括邻苯二甲酸代谢物、对羟基苯甲酸酯、双酚 A (BPA) 及其类似物、三氯生 (TCS) 和二苯甲酮-3。此外，为了进一步了解学生日常生活中 EEDs 的潜在来源，对学生的生活方式进行了调查。根据 EEDs 的尿液浓度和调查结果，研究了目标 EEDs 的日暴露剂量及其潜在来源。我们的研究结果表明，在大学生尿液中普遍存在九种邻苯二甲酸代谢物、三种对羟基苯甲酸酯和 BPA（检测频率>60%）。邻苯二甲酸总量（中位数：99.4 µg/L）的浓度是对羟基苯甲酸酯总量（7.30 µg/L）和其他环境酚类（0.40 µg/L）的数量级。与男学生相比，女学生尿液中邻苯二甲酸、对羟基苯甲酸酯和 TCS 的浓度明显更高，这部分是由于女学生更高的个人护理产品（PCP）使用量（p<0.05）。邻苯二甲酸、对羟基苯甲酸酯、BPA 和 TCS 的日估计摄入量（EDI）分别为 0.46-1.35、3.29-10.3、0.007 和 0.67 µg/kg-bw/day。邻苯二甲酸和 BPA 的 EDI 远低于欧洲食品安全指南建议的水平（二丁基邻苯二甲酸、二乙基己基邻苯二甲酸和 BPA 分别为 10、50 和 50 µg/kg-bw/day）。我们的研究结果表明，大学生广泛接触 EEDs，但剂量相对较低。PCP 的使用是导致南中国大学生尿液中邻苯二甲酸（特别是邻苯二甲酸二乙酯）和对羟基苯甲酸酯水平存在性别差异的主要原因。
