Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
Environ Int. 2014 Dec;73:323-33. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2014.08.014. Epub 2014 Sep 16.
Chemicals such as phthalates, parabens, bisphenol A (BPA) and triclosan (TCS), used in a wide variety of consumer products, are suspected endocrine disrupters although their level of toxicity is thought to be low. Combined exposure may occur through ingestion, inhalation and dermal exposure, and their toxic as well as combined effects are poorly understood. The objective of the study was to estimate the exposure to these chemicals in Swedish mothers and their children (6-11 years old) and investigate potential predictors of the exposure. Urine samples from 98 mother-child couples living in either a rural or an urban area were analyzed for the concentrations of four metabolites of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), three metabolites of di-iso-nonyl phthalate (DiNP), mono-ethyl phthalate (MEP), mono-benzyl phthalate (MBzP) and mono-n-butyl phthalate (MnBP), methylparaben (MetP), ethylparaben (EthP), propylparaben (ProP), butylparaben, benzylparaben, BPA, and TCS. Information on sociodemographics, food consumption habits and use of personal care products, obtained via a questionnaire, was used to investigate the associations between the urinary levels of chemicals and potential exposure factors. There were fairly good correlations of biomarker levels between the mothers and their children. The children had generally higher levels of phthalates (geometric mean ΣDEHP 65.5 μg/L; ΣDiNP 37.8 μg/L; MBzP 19.9 μg/L; MnBP 76.9 μg/L) than the mothers (ΣDEHP 38.4 μg/L; ΣDiNP 33.8 μg/L; MBzP 12.8 μg/L; MnBP 63.0 μg/L). Conversely, the mother's levels of parabens (MetP 37.8 μg/L; ProP 13.9 μg/L) and MEP (43.4 μg/L) were higher than the children's levels of parabens (MetP 6.8 μg/L; ProP 2.1 μg/L) and MEP (28.8 μg/L). The urinary levels of low molecular weight phthalates were higher among mothers and children in the rural area (MBzP p=<0.001; MnBP p=0.001-0.002), which is probably due to higher presence of PVC in floorings and wall coverings in this area, whereas the levels of parabens were higher among the children in the urban area (MetP p=0.003; ProP p=0.004) than in the rural area. The levels of high molecular weight phthalates were associated with consumption of certain foods (i.e. chocolate and ice cream) whereas the levels of parabens were associated with use of cosmetics and personal care products.
在各种消费产品中使用的邻苯二甲酸酯、对羟基苯甲酸酯、双酚 A（BPA）和三氯生（TCS）等化学物质被怀疑是内分泌干扰物，尽管它们的毒性水平被认为较低。通过摄入、吸入和皮肤接触可能会发生联合暴露，并且它们的毒性和联合作用尚未得到充分理解。该研究的目的是估计瑞典母亲及其 6-11 岁儿童接触这些化学物质的情况，并调查接触的潜在预测因素。对居住在农村或城市地区的 98 对母婴尿液样本进行了分析，以检测四种邻苯二甲酸二（2-乙基己基）酯（DEHP）代谢物、三种邻苯二甲酸二异壬酯（DiNP）代谢物、单乙基邻苯二甲酸酯（MEP）、单苄基邻苯二甲酸酯（MBzP）和单正丁基邻苯二甲酸酯（MnBP）、甲基对羟基苯甲酸酯（MetP）、乙基对羟基苯甲酸酯（EthP）、丙基对羟基苯甲酸酯（ProP）、丁基对羟基苯甲酸酯、苄基对羟基苯甲酸酯、BPA 和 TCS 的浓度。通过问卷调查获得的社会人口统计学、食物消费习惯和个人护理产品使用信息，用于调查化学物质尿液水平与潜在暴露因素之间的关系。母亲和孩子之间的生物标志物水平相当吻合。儿童的邻苯二甲酸酯水平普遍高于母亲（ΣDEHP 65.5μg/L；ΣDiNP 37.8μg/L；MBzP 19.9μg/L；MnBP 76.9μg/L）（ΣDEHP 38.4μg/L；ΣDiNP 33.8μg/L；MBzP 12.8μg/L；MnBP 63.0μg/L）。相反，母亲的对羟基苯甲酸酯（MetP 37.8μg/L；ProP 13.9μg/L）和 MEP（43.4μg/L）水平高于儿童的对羟基苯甲酸酯（MetP 6.8μg/L；ProP 2.1μg/L）和 MEP（28.8μg/L）。农村地区母亲和儿童的低分子量邻苯二甲酸酯水平较高（MBzP p<0.001；MnBP p=0.001-0.002），这可能是由于该地区地板和壁板中 PVC 的存在较高所致，而对羟基苯甲酸酯的水平在城市地区儿童中较高（MetP p=0.003；ProP p=0.004）高于农村地区。高分子量邻苯二甲酸酯的水平与某些食物（即巧克力和冰淇淋）的消费有关，而对羟基苯甲酸酯的水平与化妆品和个人护理产品的使用有关。
