RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, Brno, 611 37, Czech Republic.
VITO (Flemish Institute for Technological Research), BE-2400, Mol, Belgium.
J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol. 2023 Mar;33(2):244-254. doi: 10.1038/s41370-022-00441-w. Epub 2022 May 5.
Many phthalates are environmental pollutants and toxic to humans. Following phthalate regulations, human exposure to phthalates has globally decreased with time in European countries, the US and Korea. Conversely, exposure to their substitutes DEHT and/or DINCH has increased. In other countries, including China, little is known on the time-trends in human exposure to these plasticizers.
We aimed to estimate time-trends in the urinary concentrations of phthalates, DEHT, and DINCH metabolites, in general population from non-European countries, in the last decade.
We compiled human biomonitoring (HBM) data from 123 studies worldwide in a database termed "PhthaLit". We analyzed time-trends in the urinary concentrations of the excreted metabolites of various phthalates as well as DEHT and DINCH per metabolite, age group, and country/region, in 2009-2019. Additionally, we compared urinary metabolites levels between continents.
We found solid time-trends in adults and/or children from the US, Canada, China and Taiwan. DEHP metabolites decreased in the US and Canada. Conversely in Asia, 5oxo- and 5OH-MEHP (DEHP metabolites) increased in Chinese children. For low-weight phthalates, the trends showed a mixed picture between metabolites and countries. Notably, MnBP (a DnBP metabolite) increased in China. The phthalate substitutes DEHT and DINCH markedly increased in the US.
We addressed the major question of time-trends in human exposure to phthalates and their substitutes and compared the results in different countries worldwide.
Phthalates account for more than 50% of the plasticizer world market. Because of their toxicity, some phthalates have been regulated. In turn, the consumption of non-phthalate substitutes, such as DEHT and DINCH, is growing. Currently, phthalates and their substitutes show high detection percentages in human urine. Concerning time-trends, several studies, mainly in Europe, show a global decrease in phthalate exposure, and an increase in the exposure to phthalate substitutes in the last decade. In this study, we address the important question of time-trends in human exposure to phthalates and their substitutes and compare the results in different countries worldwide.
许多邻苯二甲酸酯是环境污染物，对人类有毒。随着时间的推移，在欧洲国家、美国和韩国，邻苯二甲酸酯法规限制了人类接触邻苯二甲酸酯，而其替代品 DEHT 和/或 DINCH 的接触则有所增加。在包括中国在内的其他国家，对这些增塑剂在人类中的暴露时间趋势知之甚少。
我们旨在评估过去十年中，非欧洲国家一般人群尿液中邻苯二甲酸酯、DEHT 和 DINCH 代谢物的时间趋势。
我们将全球 123 项研究的人体生物监测（HBM）数据编入一个名为“PhthaLit”的数据库中。我们分析了 2009 年至 2019 年期间，各种邻苯二甲酸酯以及 DEHT 和 DINCH 代谢物的尿液浓度随时间的变化趋势，按代谢物、年龄组和国家/地区进行了分析。此外，我们比较了各大洲之间的尿液代谢物水平。
我们发现来自美国、加拿大、中国和中国台湾的成年人和/或儿童的时间趋势较为明显。在美国和加拿大，DEHP 代谢物减少。而在亚洲，中国儿童的 5oxo-和 5OH-MEHP（DEHP 代谢物）增加。对于低体重邻苯二甲酸酯，不同国家的代谢物趋势表现出混杂的情况。值得注意的是，中国 MnBP（DnBP 代谢物）增加。在美国，DEHT 和 DINCH 等邻苯二甲酸酯替代品的使用量显著增加。
我们解决了人类接触邻苯二甲酸酯及其替代品的时间趋势这一主要问题，并比较了全球不同国家的结果。
邻苯二甲酸酯占全球增塑剂市场的 50%以上。由于其毒性，一些邻苯二甲酸酯已被监管。相反，非邻苯二甲酸酯替代品（如 DEHT 和 DINCH）的消费正在增长。目前，邻苯二甲酸酯及其替代品在人类尿液中的检出率较高。关于时间趋势，主要在欧洲进行的几项研究表明，过去十年中，全球范围内接触邻苯二甲酸酯的情况有所减少，而接触邻苯二甲酸酯替代品的情况有所增加。在这项研究中，我们解决了人类接触邻苯二甲酸酯及其替代品的时间趋势这一重要问题，并比较了全球不同国家的结果。
