1993-2012 年美国老年黑人和白人认知表现的长期趋势：来自芝加哥健康和老龄化项目的发现。
Secular Trends in Cognitive Performance in Older Black and White U.S. Adults, 1993-2012: Findings From the Chicago Health and Aging Project.
机构信息
Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Massachusetts.
Rush Institute for Healthy Aging, Chicago, Illinois.
出版信息
J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2018 Apr 16;73(suppl_1):S73-S81. doi: 10.1093/geronb/gbx167.
OBJECTIVE
To characterize secular trends from 1993 to 2012 in cognitive performance using a cohort of older black and white U.S. adults, and compare trends by race.
METHOD
Our data come from 8,906 participants of the Chicago Health and Aging Project (CHAP), a longitudinal, population-based cohort (age ≥ 67, 60% black). Participants underwent cognitive assessments in six 3-year study cycles from 1993 to 1996 through 2010 to 2012. We computed 3 measures of cognitive performance: global cognition, episodic memory, and perceptual speed.
RESULTS
Mean performance in terms of global cognitive score followed a secular pattern of modest decline over the 6 study cycles. The trend was most pronounced for perceptual speed. Mean scores among black participants were consistently lower than those for whites; these disparities in mean performance narrowed over time, especially on perceptual speed, but appeared to widen at the last cycle. Global scores among the upper quartile of performers rose slightly, but scores among the lowest quartile of performers dropped precipitously.
DISCUSSION
Between 1993 and 2012, secular trends in cognitive performance in this established cohort did not follow a clear pattern of improvement, contrasting with previous research. But patterns differed by cognitive domain, performance level, and race.
目的
利用美国一组年龄较大的黑人和白人成年人的队列，描述从 1993 年到 2012 年认知表现的长期趋势，并比较不同种族的趋势。
方法
我们的数据来自芝加哥健康与老龄化项目（CHAP）的 8906 名参与者，这是一个纵向的、基于人群的队列（年龄≥67 岁，60%为黑人）。参与者在从 1993 年到 1996 年到 2010 年到 2012 年的六个 3 年研究周期中接受了认知评估。我们计算了 3 种认知表现衡量标准：总体认知、情景记忆和知觉速度。
结果
在 6 个研究周期中，全球认知评分的平均表现呈现出适度下降的长期趋势。这一趋势在知觉速度方面最为明显。黑人参与者的平均得分始终低于白人；这些平均表现的差异随着时间的推移逐渐缩小，尤其是在知觉速度方面，但在最后一个周期似乎有所扩大。表现处于前四分之一的参与者的全球评分略有上升，但表现处于最低四分之一的参与者的评分急剧下降。
讨论
在 1993 年至 2012 年间，这个既定队列的认知表现长期趋势并没有呈现出明显的改善模式，与之前的研究形成对比。但模式因认知领域、表现水平和种族而异。
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