1University of Michigan,Ann Arbor,Michigan.
2University of California,San Diego,California.
J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2018 Mar;24(3):294-304. doi: 10.1017/S1355617717000935. Epub 2017 Sep 19.
Cross-sectional and longitudinal evidence from largely non-Hispanic White cohorts suggests that positive psychosocial factors, particularly self-efficacy and social support, may protect against late-life cognitive decline. Identifying potentially protective factors in racial/ethnic minority elders is of high importance due to their increased risk of Alzheimer's disease. The overall goal of this study was to characterize cross-sectional associations between positive psychosocial factors and cognitive domains among Black, Hispanic, and White older adults.
A total of 548 older adults (41% Black, 28% Hispanic, 31% White) in the Washington Heights-Inwood Columbia Aging Project completed cognitive and psychosocial measures from the NIH Toolbox and standard neuropsychological tests. Multiple-group regressions were used to compare cross-sectional associations between positive psychosocial factors and cognition across racial/ethnic groups, independent of demographics, depressive symptoms, and physical health.
Positive associations between self-efficacy and language did not significantly differ across race/ethnicity, although the bivariate association between self-efficacy and language was not significant among Hispanics. Additional positive associations were observed for Whites and Blacks, but not Hispanics. Negative associations between emotional support and purpose in life and working memory were seen only in Hispanics.
Results confirm and extend the link between self-efficacy and cognition in late life, particularly for White and Black older adults. Previous studies on positive psychosocial factors in cognitive aging may not be generalizable to Hispanics. Longitudinal follow-up is needed to determine whether negative relationships between certain psychosocial factors and cognition in Hispanics reflect reverse causation, threshold effects, and/or negative aspects of having a strong social network. (JINS, 2018, 24, 294-304).
来自以非西班牙裔白人为主的队列的横断面和纵向证据表明，积极的心理社会因素，特别是自我效能感和社会支持，可能有助于预防老年认知能力下降。由于非裔美国人和西班牙裔老年人患阿尔茨海默病的风险增加，因此确定这些种族/族裔少数族裔老年人中潜在的保护因素非常重要。本研究的总体目标是描述黑人、西班牙裔和白人老年人中积极心理社会因素与认知领域之间的横断面关联。
在哥伦比亚华盛顿高地-因伍德老龄化项目中，共有 548 名老年人（41%为黑人，28%为西班牙裔，31%为白人）完成了 NIH 工具包和标准神经心理学测试的认知和心理社会测量。多组回归用于比较跨种族/族裔群体之间积极心理社会因素与认知的横断面关联，独立于人口统计学、抑郁症状和身体健康。
自我效能感与语言之间的正相关关系在种族/族裔之间没有显著差异，尽管自我效能感与语言之间的双变量关联在西班牙裔中并不显著。在白人及黑人中观察到了其他积极的关联，但在西班牙裔中没有。仅在西班牙裔中观察到情感支持和生活目的与工作记忆之间的负相关。
结果证实并扩展了自我效能感与晚年认知之间的联系，特别是对白人及黑人老年人。以前关于认知老化中积极心理社会因素的研究可能不适用于西班牙裔。需要进行纵向随访，以确定西班牙裔中某些心理社会因素与认知之间的负相关关系是否反映了反向因果关系、阈值效应和/或拥有强大社交网络的负面方面。（JINS，2018，24，294-304）。
