Splicing mutations in human genetic disorders: examples, detection, and confirmation.

Precise pre-mRNA splicing, essential for appropriate protein translation, depends on the presence of consensus "cis" sequences that define exon-intron boundaries and regulatory sequences recognized by splicing machinery. Point mutations at these consensus sequences can cause improper exon and intron recognition and may result in the formation of an aberrant transcript of the mutated gene. The splicing mutation may occur in both introns and exons and disrupt existing splice sites or splicing regulatory sequences (intronic and exonic splicing silencers and enhancers), create new ones, or activate the cryptic ones. Usually such mutations result in errors during the splicing process and may lead to improper intron removal and thus cause alterations of the open reading frame. Recent research has underlined the abundance and importance of splicing mutations in the etiology of inherited diseases. The application of modern techniques allowed to identify synonymous and nonsynonymous variants as well as deep intronic mutations that affected pre-mRNA splicing. The bioinformatic algorithms can be applied as a tool to assess the possible effect of the identified changes. However, it should be underlined that the results of such tests are only predictive, and the exact effect of the specific mutation should be verified in functional studies. This article summarizes the current knowledge about the "splicing mutations" and methods that help to identify such changes in clinical diagnosis.