Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany.
Expert Rev Mol Diagn. 2020 Feb;20(2):151-167. doi: 10.1080/14737159.2019.1665998. Epub 2019 Sep 18.
: Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are important regulators of cellular signaling in tumor-related processes. They can not only be detected in tumor tissues, but also in body fluids. ncRNAs are released into circulation as cell-free RNAs in at least two ways: bound to proteins like Ago2 or packed in extracellular vesicles (EV). Therefore, they have a great potential to serve as biomarkers in liquid biopsies. This review gives an overview of the current knowledge concerning ncRNAs and EVs as putative liquid biomarkers in urological tumor diseases.: Literature was searched for ncRNAs including microRNA, long non-coding RNA, small interfering RNA, small nuclear RNA, small nucleolar RNA and PIWI-interacting RNA in blood (serum, plasma) and urine samples from urological tumor (urothelial, kidney, prostate, testicular germ cell, penile cancer) patients.: The data demonstrate an important potential of circulating non-coding RNAs as biomarkers in liquid biopsies for diagnosis and follow-up of patients with urological tumors. To translate these markers into clinical practice, independent and prospective validation, standardization of isolation and quantification techniques are inevitable. Another task is the development of predictive ncRNA biomarkers to overcome problems associated with tumor heterogeneity and to select patients individually for systemic therapies.
非编码 RNA（ncRNA）是肿瘤相关过程中细胞信号的重要调节剂。它们不仅可以在肿瘤组织中检测到，也可以在体液中检测到。ncRNA 至少有两种方式以无细胞 RNA 的形式释放到循环中：与 Ago2 等蛋白结合或包裹在细胞外囊泡（EV）中。因此，它们有很大的潜力作为液体活检中的生物标志物。这篇综述概述了目前关于 ncRNA 和 EV 作为尿路上皮肿瘤疾病液体生物标志物的潜在可能性的知识。
对血液（血清、血浆）和尿样中来自尿路上皮肿瘤（膀胱癌、肾癌、前列腺癌、睾丸生殖细胞癌、阴茎癌）患者的 microRNA、长非编码 RNA、小干扰 RNA、小核 RNA、小核仁 RNA 和 PIWI 相互作用 RNA 等 ncRNA 的文献进行了检索。
这些数据表明，循环非编码 RNA 作为液体活检中生物标志物在诊断和随访尿路上皮肿瘤患者方面具有重要潜力。为了将这些标志物转化为临床实践，必须对其进行独立的前瞻性验证，对分离和定量技术进行标准化。另一个任务是开发预测性 ncRNA 生物标志物，以克服与肿瘤异质性相关的问题，并为接受系统治疗的患者进行个体化选择。
