a Biothreat Defence Section, Defence R&D Canada , Suffield Research Centre , Ralston , Canada.
b Medical Microbiology and Immunology , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Canada.
Biotechnol Genet Eng Rev. 2018 Apr;34(1):107-121. doi: 10.1080/02648725.2018.1471643. Epub 2018 May 21.
The past few years have seen a rash of emerging viral diseases, including the Ebola crisis in West Africa, the pandemic spread of chikungunya, and the recent explosion of Zika in South America. Vaccination is the most reliable and cost-effective method of control of infectious diseases, however, there is often a long delay in production and approval in getting new vaccines to market. Vaccinia was the first vaccine developed for the successful eradication of smallpox and has properties that make it attractive as a universal vaccine vector. Vaccinia can cause severe complications, particularly in immune suppressed recipients that would limit its utility, but nonreplicating and attenuated strains have been developed. Modified vaccinia Ankara is nonreplicating in human cells and can be safely given to immune suppressed individuals. Vaccinia has recently been modified for use as an oncolytic treatment for cancer therapy. These new vaccinia vectors are replicating; but have been attenuated and could prove useful as a universal vaccine carrier as many of these are in clinical trials for cancer therapy. This article reviews the development of a universal vaccinia vaccine platform for emerging diseases or biothreat agents, based on nonreplicating or live attenuated vaccinia viruses.
过去几年出现了许多新发病毒性疾病，包括西非的埃博拉危机、基孔肯雅热的大流行传播，以及最近南美洲的寨卡病毒爆发。疫苗接种是控制传染病最可靠和最具成本效益的方法，然而，通常需要很长时间才能生产和批准新疫苗上市。牛痘是第一种成功根除天花的疫苗，具有作为通用疫苗载体的吸引力。牛痘会引起严重的并发症，特别是在免疫抑制的受者中，这将限制其用途，但已经开发出非复制和减毒的菌株。减毒活疫苗安卡拉在人类细胞中不能复制，可以安全地给予免疫抑制个体。牛痘最近已被修改为用于癌症治疗的溶瘤治疗。这些新的牛痘载体是复制的，但已经减弱，作为一种通用疫苗载体可能很有用，因为许多载体正在进行癌症治疗的临床试验。本文综述了基于非复制或活减毒牛痘病毒的新发疾病或生物威胁制剂通用牛痘疫苗平台的开发。
