Gokeler Alli, Seil Romain, Kerkhoffs Gino, Verhagen Evert
Luxembourg Institute of Research for Orthopedics, Medicine and Science in Sports, 76 rue d'Eich, L-1460, Luxembourg, Luxembourg.
Department of Applied Neuroscience in Sports and Exercise, Institute of Sports Medicine, University of Paderborn, Paderborn, Germany.
J Exp Orthop. 2018 Jun 18;5(1):22. doi: 10.1186/s40634-018-0137-5.
Efficacy studies have demonstrated decreased anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury rates for athletes participating in injury prevention programs. Typically, ACL injury prevention programs entail a combination of plyometrics, strength training, agility and balance exercises. Unfortunately, improvements of movement patterns are not sustained over time. The reason may be related to the type of instructions given during training. Encouraging athletes to consciously control knee movements during exercises may not be optimal for the acquisition of complex motor skills as needed in complex sports environments. In the motor learning domain, these types of instructions are defined as an internal attentional focus. An internal focus, on one's own movements results in a more conscious type of control that may hamper motor learning. It has been established in numerous studies that an external focus of attention facilitates motor learning more effectively due to the utilization of automatic motor control. Subsequently, the athlete has more recourses available to anticipate on situations on the field and take appropriate feed forward directed actions. The purpose of this manuscript was to present methods to optimize motor skill acquisition of athletes and elaborate on athletes' behavior.
功效研究表明，参加预防损伤计划的运动员前交叉韧带（ACL）损伤率有所降低。通常，ACL损伤预防计划包括多种练习，如增强式训练、力量训练、敏捷性和平衡练习。不幸的是，随着时间的推移，运动模式的改善并不能持续。原因可能与训练期间给出的指导类型有关。鼓励运动员在练习过程中自觉控制膝盖动作，对于在复杂运动环境中获取所需的复杂运动技能而言可能并非最佳方式。在运动学习领域，这类指导被定义为内部注意力焦点。关注自身动作的内部焦点会导致一种更有意识的控制类型，这可能会妨碍运动学习。众多研究已证实，外部注意力焦点由于利用了自动运动控制，能更有效地促进运动学习。随后，运动员有更多资源来预测场上情况并采取适当的前馈定向行动。本手稿的目的是介绍优化运动员运动技能习得的方法，并详细阐述运动员的行为。
