Role of histone deacetylase 1 in distant metastasis of pancreatic ductal cancer.

Current therapies for pancreatic ductal cancer (PDAC) do not sufficiently control distant metastasis. Thus, new therapeutic targets are urgently needed. Numerous studies have suggested that the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is pivotal for metastasis of carcinomas. The fact that the EMT is reversible suggests the possibility that it is induced by an epigenetic mechanism. In this study, we aimed to investigate the role of histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1), which is an epigenetic mechanism on distant metastasis of PDAC. We investigated the HDAC1 expression in 103 resected PDAC specimens obtained from patients who were treated with/without preoperative therapy using immunohistochemistry. To validate the findings in the clinical samples, we evaluated the HDAC1 activity, the EMT-associated genes and the migration/invasion ability in vitro, and performed an HDAC1 inhibitor assay. The high expression of HDAC1 in clinical samples was significantly associated with poor progression-free survival, especially distant metastasis-free survival. In vitro, HDAC1 inhibitors decreased the invasion ability and reversed the EMT change; the only factor to show a concomitant decrease was the expression of SNAIL. We confirmed that the HDAC1 expression was associated with the SNAIL expression in clinical samples. Moreover, the resistant cells and parental cells did not show any significant differences in the expression of HDAC1; this was consistent with the finding that preoperative therapy did not alter the HDAC1 expression in clinical samples. The targeting of HDAC1, which could suppress metastasis by inhibiting the EMT, is a promising treatment option for PDAC.