Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
Pest Manag Sci. 2019 Jan;75(1):9-13. doi: 10.1002/ps.5121. Epub 2018 Aug 31.
Pesticide efficacy is strongly associated with environmental conditions. Conditional resistance defined as a reduction in pesticide sensitivity under changed environmental conditions has been widely detected under climatic changes such as elevated temperatures and CO enrichment. Given the effects of environmental conditions on pesticide sensitivity, many of the putative resistance reports made by farmers may be due to pesticide application followed by non-optimal environmental conditions rather than the evolution of resistance. This type of conditional resistance may be the result of phenotypic plasticity or epigenetic changes in response to environmental changes. Elevated temperatures and CO enrichment can directly lead to reduced pesticide efficacy by altering pesticide metabolism and translocation, or indirectly increasing pesticide detoxification in host-plants thus reducing pesticide availability for the target pest. Stress-related signal transduction pathways, as well as physiological changes, can both be associated with accelerated pesticide detoxification under climatic changes. The possibility for parallel mechanisms controlling these responses in different pest species should be considered. It is proposed that the same mechanisms leading to non-target site resistance in pests may also play a role in conditional resistance, suggesting we can predict the pesticides to which pests are likely to be less responsive under changing climatic conditions. Using adjuvants to improve pesticide translocation or reduce pesticide metabolism, alongside with new technologies such as using nanoparticles may result in higher pesticide functionality under the projected climate change. Exploring the physiological, transcriptional and biochemical basis underlying conditional resistance is crucial in maintaining future pest management under changing environmental conditions. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
农药的功效与环境条件密切相关。在气候变化（如温度升高和 CO2 富集）下，已经广泛检测到条件抗性，即环境条件改变下农药敏感性降低的现象。鉴于环境条件对农药敏感性的影响，许多农民报告的所谓抗性可能是由于在非最佳环境条件下施药，而不是由于抗性的进化。这种条件抗性可能是对环境变化的表型可塑性或表观遗传变化的结果。温度升高和 CO2 富集可以通过改变农药代谢和转移直接导致农药功效降低，或者通过在寄主植物中间接增加农药解毒作用，从而减少目标害虫可用的农药。与气候变化下加速农药解毒相关的应激相关信号转导途径以及生理变化都可能发生。应该考虑控制不同害虫物种这些反应的平行机制的可能性。据推测，导致害虫非靶标部位抗性的相同机制也可能在条件抗性中起作用，这表明我们可以预测在气候变化下害虫对哪些农药的反应可能会降低。使用助剂来改善农药的转移或减少农药的代谢，以及使用纳米颗粒等新技术，可能会导致在预测的气候变化下更高的农药功能。探索条件抗性的生理、转录和生化基础对于在不断变化的环境条件下维持未来的害虫管理至关重要。 © 2018 英国化学学会。
