Department of Medical and Clinical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of P.J. Šafárik in Košice, SK-04011 Košice, Slovakia.
Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, GR-15771 Athens, Greece.
J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2018 Aug 15;1092:402-421. doi: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2018.06.037. Epub 2018 Jun 19.
Currently, the growing demand on quick, easy and ecological sample pretreatment methods is unquestionable. Such challenge involves also approaches focusing on the analysis of pharmaceuticals and other endogenous compounds in biological matrices, termed as Bioanalysis. Solvent extraction such as liquid-liquid extraction (LLE), derived liquid phase microextraction (LPME) and related approaches such as solid liquid extraction (SLE), proved to be applicable in bioanalysis, as numerous papers have been published in this field. However, their manual performances may suffer from a long-term and laborious preparation, due to the inherent complexity of the biological samples. A high sample-throughput (enabling measurement of tens or hundreds of samples on a daily basis) can be achieved when automation of sample pretreatment is performed, resulting in decreased imprecision and low waste production of hazardous solvents and risky biological materials. Here, robotic systems have a key role, especially when multiple processing (e.g., 96-well plate format) and coupling to modern analytical instrumentation (e.g. LC-MS) are combined. A thorough overview on the up-to-date automations of LLE, LPME, SLE and solid LLE via robotics, is therefore presented. Pharmaceuticals and related compounds determined in classical liquid biological samples (i.e. plasma/serum, whole blood, urine, saliva etc.) and modern dried matrix spots (DMS) were considered as analytes of interest. The methodologies were critically compared to manual setups and among themselves.
目前，对快速、简便和生态样品预处理方法的需求不断增长，这是毫无疑问的。这一挑战还涉及到专注于分析生物基质中的药物和其他内源性化合物的方法，称为生物分析。溶剂萃取，如液-液萃取（LLE）、衍生液相微萃取（LPME）和相关方法，如固-液萃取（SLE），已被证明可用于生物分析，因为在该领域已经发表了许多论文。然而，由于生物样品固有的复杂性，它们的手动操作可能会受到长期和繁琐的准备工作的影响。当进行样品预处理自动化时，可以实现高通量（每天可测量数十或数百个样品），从而降低不精密度和危险溶剂以及风险生物材料的低废物产量。在这里，机器人系统起着关键作用，特别是当结合多处理（例如 96 孔板格式）和与现代分析仪器（例如 LC-MS）结合时。因此，本文对通过机器人技术实现的 LLE、LPME、SLE 和固-液萃取的最新自动化进行了全面概述。本文考虑了经典液体生物样品（即血浆/血清、全血、尿液、唾液等）和现代干基质斑点（DMS）中测定的药物和相关化合物作为感兴趣的分析物。这些方法与手动设置和彼此之间进行了批判性比较。
