State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
Mol Plant. 2018 Sep 10;11(9):1117-1134. doi: 10.1016/j.molp.2018.06.006. Epub 2018 Jun 28.
Plants maintain the ability to form lateral appendages throughout their life cycle and form leaves as the principal lateral appendages of the stem. Leaves initiate at the peripheral zone of the shoot apical meristem and then develop into flattened structures. In most plants, the leaf functions as a solar panel, where photosynthesis converts carbon dioxide and water into carbohydrates and oxygen. To produce structures that can optimally fulfill this function, plants precisely control the initiation, shape, and polarity of leaves. Moreover, leaf development is highly flexible but follows common themes with conserved regulatory mechanisms. Leaves may have evolved from lateral branches that are converted into determinate, flattened structures. Many other plant parts, such as floral organs, are considered specialized leaves, and thus leaf development underlies their morphogenesis. Here, we review recent advances in the understanding of how three-dimensional leaf forms are established. We focus on how genes, phytohormones, and mechanical properties modulate leaf development, and discuss these factors in the context of leaf initiation, polarity establishment and maintenance, leaf flattening, and intercalary growth.
植物在其整个生命周期中都保持形成侧生附属物的能力，并将叶子作为茎的主要侧生附属物形成。叶子在茎尖分生组织的周缘区起始，然后发育成扁平结构。在大多数植物中，叶子的功能就像太阳能电池板，光合作用将二氧化碳和水转化为碳水化合物和氧气。为了产生能够最佳满足此功能的结构，植物精确地控制叶子的起始、形状和极性。此外，叶子的发育具有高度的灵活性，但遵循具有保守调控机制的共同主题。叶子可能是从侧枝进化而来的，这些侧枝转化为确定的、扁平的结构。许多其他植物部分，如花器官，被认为是特化的叶子，因此叶子的发育是它们形态发生的基础。在这里，我们回顾了在理解三维叶片形态如何建立方面的最新进展。我们重点讨论了基因、植物激素和机械特性如何调节叶子的发育，并在叶片起始、极性建立和维持、叶片扁平化以及居间生长的背景下讨论了这些因素。
