Ma Ke, Sellaro Roberta, Hommel Bernhard
Cognitive Psychology Unit, Institute for Psychological Research and Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University, Wassenaarseweg 52, 2333 AK, Leiden, The Netherlands.
Key Laboratory of Personality and Cognition, Faculty of Psychological Science, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, China.
Psychol Res. 2019 Mar;83(2):373-383. doi: 10.1007/s00426-018-1048-x. Epub 2018 Jul 2.
Seeing another person's face while that face and one's own face are stroked synchronously or controlling a virtual face by moving one's own induces the illusion that the other face has become a part of oneself-the enfacement effect. Here, we demonstrate that humans can enface even members of another species and that this enfacement promotes "feature migration" in terms of intelligence and emotional attribution from the representation of other to the representation of oneself, and vice versa. We presented participants with a virtual human face moving in or out of sync with their own face, and then morphed it into an ape face. Participants tended to perceive the ape face as their own in the sync condition, as indicated by body-ownership and inclusion-of-others-in-the-self ratings. More interestingly, synchrony also reduced performance in a fluid-intelligence task and increased the willingness to attribute emotions to apes. These observations, which fully replicated in another experiment, fit with the idea that self and other are represented in terms of feature codes, just like non-social events (as implied by the Theory of Event Coding), so that representational self-other overlap invites illusory conjunctions of features from one representation to the other.
当自己的脸和他人的脸被同步抚摸时看到他人的脸，或者通过移动自己的脸来控制一张虚拟脸，会引发一种错觉，即他人的脸已成为自己的一部分——即“融为一体效应”。在此，我们证明人类甚至能与其他物种的成员融为一体，并且这种融为一体在智力和情感归因方面促进了“特征迁移”，即从对他人的表征到对自己的表征，反之亦然。我们让参与者观看一张与他们自己的脸同步或不同步移动的虚拟人脸，然后将其变形为一张猿脸。如身体所有权和自我中他人包含度评分所示，在同步条件下，参与者倾向于将猿脸视为自己的脸。更有趣的是，同步性还降低了流体智力任务中的表现，并增加了将情感归因于猿的意愿。这些观察结果在另一项实验中得到了完全重复，这与自我和他人是根据特征代码来表征的观点相符，就像非社会事件一样（如事件编码理论所暗示的），因此表征上的自我与他人重叠会引发从一种表征到另一种表征的特征虚幻结合。
