CRISPR-Cas systems: ushering in the new genome editing era.

In recent years there has been great progress with the implementation and utilization of Clustered Regularly Interspaced Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) and CRISPR-associated protein (Cas) systems in the world of genetic engineering. Many forms of CRISPR-Cas9 have been developed as genome editing tools and techniques and, most recently, several non-genome editing CRISPR-Cas systems have emerged. Most of the CRISPR-Cas systems have been classified as either Class I or Class II and are further divided among several subtypes within each class. Research teams and companies are currently in dispute over patents for these CRISPR-Cas systems as numerous powerful applications are concurrently under development. This mini review summarizes the appearance of CRISPR-Cas systems with a focus on the predominant CRISPR-Cas9 system as well as the classifications and subtypes for CRISPR-Cas. Non-genome editing uses of CRISPR-Cas are also highlighted and a brief overview of the commercialization of CRISPR is provided.