University of Western Australia, Perth.
University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
Hum Factors. 2018 Nov;60(7):978-991. doi: 10.1177/0018720818784803. Epub 2018 Jul 5.
Examine the extent to which subjective workload and situation awareness (SA) can predict variance in performance at the between- and within-person levels of analysis in a simulated submarine track management task.
SA and workload are crucial constructs in human factors that are conceptualized as states that change within individuals over time. Thus, a change in an individual's subjective workload or SA over the course of performing a task should be predictive of their subsequent performance (within-person effects). However, there is little empirical evidence for this.
Participants monitored displays to track the behaviors of contacts in relationship to their own ship (Ownship) and landmarks. The Situational Awareness Global Assessment Technique measured SA, and the Air Traffic Workload Input Technique measured subjective workload.
When a participant's subjective workload rating increased, their subsequent performance decreased, but there was no evidence for within-person effects of SA on performance. We replicated prior between-person level effects of SA; participants with higher SA performed better than those with lower SA.
Change in an individual's subjective workload rating (but not SA) was predictive of their subsequent performance. Because an increase in SA should increase the extent to which operators hold the knowledge required to perform subsequent tasks, further research is required to examine SA effects on performance at the within-person level.
Adapting automation is more likely to produce optimal outcomes if based on measurement of operator states that predict future task performance, such as workload.
在模拟潜艇跟踪管理任务中，从个体间和个体内两个分析水平上，检验主观工作负荷和情境意识（SA）在多大程度上可以预测绩效变化。
SA 和工作负荷是人类因素中的重要概念，被视为随时间在个体内部变化的状态。因此，个体在执行任务过程中主观工作负荷或 SA 的变化应该可以预测其随后的表现（个体内效应）。然而，这方面的经验证据很少。
参与者监控显示屏，以跟踪与自己的船只（Ownship）和地标相关的接触点的行为。情境意识全局评估技术（SAGT）测量 SA，空中交通工作负荷输入技术（Air Traffic Workload Input Technique）测量主观工作负荷。
当参与者的主观工作负荷评分增加时，他们的后续表现会下降，但没有证据表明 SA 对表现有个体内效应。我们复制了之前在个体间水平上的 SA 效应；SA 较高的参与者比 SA 较低的参与者表现更好。
个体主观工作负荷评分的变化（而非 SA）可以预测他们随后的表现。由于 SA 的增加应该增加操作员掌握执行后续任务所需知识的程度，因此需要进一步研究 SA 对个体内水平上的表现的影响。
如果基于能够预测未来任务绩效的操作员状态的测量（例如工作负荷）来调整自动化，那么更有可能产生最佳结果。
