Lander Karen, Bruce Vicki, Bindemann Markus
1Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL UK.
2School of Psychology, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK.
Cogn Res Princ Implic. 2018 Jun 27;3:26. doi: 10.1186/s41235-018-0115-6. eCollection 2018 Dec.
This journal is dedicated to "use-inspired basic research" where a problem in the world shapes the hypotheses for study in the laboratory. This review considers the role of individual variation in face identification and the challenges and opportunities this presents in security and criminal investigations. We show how theoretical work conducted on individual variation in face identification has, in part, been stimulated by situations presented in the real world. In turn, we review the contribution of theoretical work on individual variation in face processing and how this may help shape the practical identification of faces in applied situations. We consider two cases in detail. The first case is that of security officers; gatekeepers who use facial ID to grant entry or deny access. One applied example, where much research has been conducted, is passport control officers who are asked to match a person in front of them to a photograph shown on their ID. What happens if they are poor at making such face matching decisions and can they be trained to improve their performance? Second, we outline the case of "super-recognisers", people who are excellent at face recognition. Here it is interesting to consider whether these individuals can be strategically allocated to security and criminal roles, to maximise the identification of suspects. We conclude that individual differences are one of the largest documented sources of error in face matching and face recognition but more work is needed to account for these differences within theoretical models of face processing.
本期刊致力于“以应用为导向的基础研究”，即世界上的某个问题塑造了实验室研究的假设。本综述探讨了个体差异在人脸识别中的作用，以及这在安全和刑事调查中带来的挑战与机遇。我们展示了关于人脸识别中个体差异的理论研究部分是如何受到现实世界中出现的情况所激发的。反过来，我们回顾了关于面部处理中个体差异的理论研究的贡献，以及这如何有助于在实际应用中塑造对面部的实际识别。我们详细考虑了两个案例。第一个案例是安保人员；他们是使用面部识别来准予进入或拒绝进入的把关者。一个已经进行了大量研究的应用实例是护照检查官员，他们被要求将面前的人与身份证件上显示的照片进行匹配。如果他们在做出这种面部匹配决策方面能力欠佳会怎样，以及他们能否通过培训来提高表现？其次，我们概述了“超级识别者”的案例，即那些在人脸识别方面非常出色的人。在这里，考虑这些个体是否可以被策略性地分配到安全和刑事岗位以最大限度地识别嫌疑人是很有意思的。我们得出结论，个体差异是人脸识别和面部匹配中记录在案的最大误差来源之一，但在面部处理的理论模型中考虑这些差异还需要更多的研究工作。
