IEEE Rev Biomed Eng. 2018;11:233-248. doi: 10.1109/RBME.2017.2776041. Epub 2017 Nov 20.
Dehydration is a common condition characterized by a decrease in total body water. Acute dehydration can cause physical and cognitive impairment, heat stroke and exhaustion, and, if severe and uncorrected, even death. The health effects of chronic mild dehydration are less well studied with urolithiasis (kidney stones) the only condition consistently associated with it. Aside from infants and those with particular medical conditions, athletes, military personnel, manual workers, and older adults are at particular risk of dehydration due to their physical activity, environmental exposure, and/or challenges in maintaining fluid homeostasis. This review describes the different approaches that have been explored for hydration assessment in adults. These include clinical indicators perceived by the patient or detected by a practitioner and routine laboratory analyses of blood and urine. These techniques have variable accuracy and practicality outside of controlled environments, creating a need for simple, portable, and rapid hydration monitoring devices. We review the wide array of devices proposed for hydration assessment based on optical, electromagnetic, chemical, and acoustical properties of tissue and bodily fluids. However, none of these approaches has yet emerged as a reliable indicator in diverse populations across various settings, motivating efforts to develop new methods of hydration assessment.
脱水是一种常见的病症，其特征是总身体水分减少。急性脱水会导致身体和认知功能障碍、中暑和衰竭，如果严重且得不到纠正，甚至会导致死亡。慢性轻度脱水对健康的影响研究较少，只有尿路结石（肾结石）与它有明确关联。除了婴儿和有特殊医疗条件的人外，运动员、军人、体力劳动者和老年人由于身体活动、环境暴露和/或维持液体平衡的挑战，特别容易脱水。本文综述了成人水合评估中探索的不同方法。这些方法包括患者感知或医生检测的临床指标以及血液和尿液的常规实验室分析。这些技术在受控环境之外的准确性和实用性各不相同，因此需要简单、便携和快速的水合监测设备。我们综述了基于组织和体液的光学、电磁、化学和声学特性而提出的广泛的水合评估设备。然而，这些方法都尚未成为不同人群在不同环境中的可靠指标，这促使人们努力开发新的水合评估方法。
