Department of Ecology and Coastal Management, Institute of Marine Sciences of Andalusia (CSIC), Campus Río S. Pedro, 11510, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain.
Department of Ecology and Coastal Management, Institute of Marine Sciences of Andalusia (CSIC), Campus Río S. Pedro, 11510, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain.
Environ Pollut. 2018 Nov;242(Pt A):357-366. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.07.009. Epub 2018 Jul 3.
Erythromycin is an antibiotic employed in the treatment of infections caused by Gram positive microorganisms and the increasing use has made it a contaminant of emerging concern in aqueous ecosystems. Cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO NPs), which are known to have catalytic and antioxidant properties, have also become contaminants of emerging concern. Due to the high reactivity of CeO NPs, they can interact with erythromycin magnifying their effects or on the other hand, considering the redox potential of CeO NPs, it can alleviate the toxicity of erythromycin. The present study was carried out to assess the toxicity of both single compounds as well as mixed on Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and Phaeodactylum tricornutum (freshwater and marine microalgae respectively) employed as target species in ecotoxicological tests. Mechanisms of oxidative damage and those harmful to the photosynthetic apparatus were studied in order to know the toxic mechanisms of erythromycin and the joint effects with CeO NPs. Results showed that erythromycin inhibited the microalgae population growth and effective quantum yield of PSII (E.Q.Y.) in both microalgae. However, the freshwater microalgae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii was more sensitive than the marine diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum. Responses related to the photosynthetic apparatus such as E.Q.Y. was affected by the exposure to erythromycin of both microalgae, as chloroplasts are target organelle for this antibiotic. Mixed experiments (CeO NPs + erythromycin) showed the protective role of CeO NPs in both microalgae preventing erythromycin toxicity in toxicological responses such as the growth of the microalgae population and E.Q.Y.
红霉素是一种抗生素，用于治疗革兰氏阳性微生物引起的感染，其使用量的增加使其成为水生生态系统中新兴关注的污染物。氧化铈纳米粒子（CeO NPs）具有催化和抗氧化特性，也已成为新兴关注的污染物。由于 CeO NPs 的高反应性，它们可以与红霉素相互作用，放大其作用；或者，考虑到 CeO NPs 的氧化还原电位，它可以减轻红霉素的毒性。本研究旨在评估单一化合物以及混合化合物对莱茵衣藻和三角褐指藻（分别为淡水和海洋微藻）的毒性，这些藻类被用作生态毒理学测试的目标物种。研究了氧化损伤机制和对光合作用装置有害的机制，以了解红霉素的毒性机制以及与 CeO NPs 的联合效应。结果表明，红霉素抑制了两种微藻的种群生长和 PSII 的有效量子产率（E.Q.Y.）。然而，淡水微藻莱茵衣藻比海洋硅藻三角褐指藻更为敏感。与光合作用装置相关的反应，如 E.Q.Y.，受到两种微藻暴露于红霉素的影响，因为叶绿体是该抗生素的靶细胞器。混合实验（CeO NPs+红霉素）表明 CeO NPs 在两种微藻中都具有保护作用，可防止红霉素在毒性反应中产生毒性，如微藻种群的生长和 E.Q.Y.
