Department of Electronic Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 València, Spain.
Department of Computer Sciences and Electronic, Universidad de la Costa, Barranquilla 080020, Colombia.
Sensors (Basel). 2018 Jul 12;18(7):2255. doi: 10.3390/s18072255.
Pluvial flash floods in urban areas are becoming increasingly frequent due to climate change and human actions, negatively impacting the life, work, production and infrastructure of a population. Pluvial flooding occurs when intense rainfall overflows the limits of urban drainage and water accumulation causes hazardous flash floods. Although flash floods are hard to predict given their rapid formation, Early Warning Systems (EWS) are used to minimize casualties. We performed a systematic review to define the basic structure of an EWS for rain flash floods. The structure of the review is as follows: first, Section 2 describes the most important factors that affect the intensity of pluvial flash floods during rainfall events. Section 3 defines the key elements and actors involved in an effective EWS. Section 4 reviews different EWS architectures for pluvial flash floods implemented worldwide. It was identified that the reviewed projects did not follow guidelines to design early warning systems, neglecting important aspects that must be taken into account in their implementation. Therefore, this manuscript proposes a basic structure for an effective EWS for pluvial flash floods that guarantees the forecasting process and alerts dissemination during rainfall events.
由于气候变化和人类活动的影响，城市地区的暴洪越来越频繁，对人口的生活、工作、生产和基础设施造成负面影响。暴洪是指强降雨超过城市排水能力而导致的积水，从而引发危险的暴洪。尽管暴洪的形成速度很快，难以预测，但仍采用预警系统（EWS）来尽量减少人员伤亡。我们进行了一项系统评价，以确定雨洪暴洪预警系统的基本结构。本综述的结构如下：第 2 节首先描述了在降雨事件中影响暴洪强度的最重要因素。第 3 节定义了有效 EWS 中涉及的关键要素和参与者。第 4 节综述了世界各地实施的不同雨洪暴洪预警系统架构。结果表明，所审查的项目没有遵循设计预警系统的指南，忽略了在实施过程中必须考虑的重要方面。因此，本文提出了一个有效的雨洪暴洪预警系统的基本结构，该系统能够保证在降雨事件期间的预测过程和警报传播。
