Visiting Scholar, Center for a Livable Future, Johns Hopkins University, 90063 Troy Road, Enterprise, Oregon, 97828, USA.
Curr Environ Health Rep. 2018 Sep;5(3):387-395. doi: 10.1007/s40572-018-0207-y.
The approval of genetically engineered (GE) crops in the late 1990s triggered dramatic changes in corn, soybean, and cotton pest management systems, as well as complex, novel regulatory challenges. Lessons learned are reviewed and solutions described.
Government-imposed resistance management provisions can work and adapt to changing circumstances, but within the private sector, pressures to gain and hold market share have thus far trumped the widely recognized need for resistance management. Risks arising from the use of formulated pesticides often exceed by a wide margin those in regulatory risk assessments based on data derived from studies on nearly 100% pure active ingredients. Innovative policy changes are needed in four problem areas: excessive faith in the accuracy of pre-market risk assessments and regulatory thresholds; post-approval monitoring of actual impacts; risk arising from formulated pesticides, rather than just pure active ingredient; challenges inherent in assessing and mitigating the combined impacts of all GE traits and associated pesticides on agroecosystems, as opposed to each trait or pesticide alone; and, tools to deal with failing pest management systems.
20 世纪 90 年代末，基因工程（GE）作物的批准引发了玉米、大豆和棉花病虫害管理系统的巨大变化，以及复杂的、新的监管挑战。本文回顾了所取得的经验教训并描述了相应的解决方案。
政府强制实施的抗药性管理规定是有效的，并能适应不断变化的情况，但在私营部门，获得和保持市场份额的压力迄今为止超过了广泛认识到的抗药性管理的需要。使用配制剂农药所带来的风险远远超过了基于近 100%纯有效成分研究数据的监管风险评估。在以下四个问题领域需要进行创新性的政策变革：过度相信上市前风险评估和监管阈值的准确性；对实际影响的批准后监测；源于配制剂农药而非纯有效成分的风险；评估和减轻所有转基因生物特性和相关农药对农业生态系统的综合影响，而不是单一特性或农药的固有挑战；以及应对失败的病虫害管理系统的工具。
