Hackney J D, Linn W S, Avol E L
Environ Health Perspect. 1985 Nov;63:57-61. doi: 10.1289/ehp.856357.
Observations of high acidity (pH as low as 1.7) in fogwater collected in polluted areas have provoked concern for public health. Effects of exposure to acidic pollutants have not been studied under foggy conditions; thus there is no directly relevant information from which to estimate the health risk. Indirectly relevant information is available from numerous studies of volunteers exposed to "acid fog precursors" under controlled conditions at less than 100% relative humidity. The effect of fog in modifying responses to inhaled acidic pollutants is difficult to predict: depending on circumstances, fog droplets might either increase or decrease the effective dose of pollutants to the lower respiratory tract. Fog inhalation per se may have unfavorable effects in some individuals. Sulfur dioxide is known to exacerbate airway constriction in exercising asthmatics, at exposure concentrations attainable in ambient air. Nitrogen dioxide has shown little untoward respiratory effect at ambient concentrations in most studies, although it has been suggested to increase bronchial reactivity. Sulfuric acid aerosol has shown no clear effects at concentrations within the ambient range. At somewhat higher levels, increased bronchial reactivity and change in mucociliary clearance have been suggested. Almost no information is available concerning nitric acid.
在污染地区收集的雾水中观察到高酸度（pH值低至1.7），这引发了对公众健康的担忧。在有雾条件下，尚未研究接触酸性污染物的影响；因此，没有直接相关的信息可用于估计健康风险。从众多在相对湿度低于100%的受控条件下接触“酸性雾前体”的志愿者研究中可获得间接相关信息。雾对吸入酸性污染物反应的影响难以预测：根据具体情况，雾滴可能会增加或减少污染物对下呼吸道的有效剂量。吸入雾本身可能对某些个体有不利影响。已知二氧化硫会加剧运动性哮喘患者的气道收缩，在环境空气中可达到的暴露浓度下就是如此。在大多数研究中，二氧化氮在环境浓度下几乎没有不良呼吸影响，尽管有人认为它会增加支气管反应性。硫酸气溶胶在环境浓度范围内未显示出明显影响。在稍高的水平上，有人提出会增加支气管反应性并改变黏液纤毛清除功能。关于硝酸的信息几乎没有。
