Burke Louise M, Close Graeme L, Lundy Bronwen, Mooses Martin, Morton James P, Tenforde Adam S
Australian Institute of Sport.
Australian Catholic University.
Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2018 Jul 1;28(4):364-374. doi: 10.1123/ijsnem.2018-0182. Epub 2018 Jul 24.
Low energy availability (LEA) is a key element of the Female Athlete Triad. Causes of LEA include failure to match high exercise energy expenditure (unintentional) or pathological behaviors of disordered eating (compulsive) and overzealous weight control programs (misguided but intentional). Recognition of such scenarios in male athletes contributed to the pronouncement of the more inclusive Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S) syndrome. This commentary describes the insights and experience of the current group of authors around the apparently heightened risk of LEA in some populations of male athletes: road cyclists, rowers (lightweight and open weight), athletes in combat sports, distance runners, and jockeys. The frequency, duration, and magnitude of the LEA state appear to vary between populations. Common risk factors include cyclical management of challenging body mass and composition targets (including "making weight") and the high energy cost of some training programs or events that is not easily matched by energy intake. However, additional factors such as food insecurity and lack of finances may also contribute to impaired nutrition in some populations. Collectively, these insights substantiate the concept of RED-S in male athletes and suggest that a specific understanding of a sport, subpopulation, or culture may identify a complex series of factors that can contribute to LEA and the type and severity of its outcomes. This commentary provides a perspective on the range of risk factors that should be addressed in future surveys of RED-S in athletic populations and targeted for specific investigation and modification.
低能量可利用性（LEA）是女性运动员三联征的关键要素。LEA的成因包括未能匹配高运动能量消耗（无意的）或饮食失调的病理行为（强迫性的）以及过度热心的体重控制计划（错误但有意的）。男性运动员中此类情况的识别促使了更具包容性的运动相对能量缺乏症（RED-S）综合征的提出。本评论描述了当前作者群体对于部分男性运动员群体中LEA风险明显增加的见解和经验，这些群体包括公路自行车运动员、赛艇运动员（轻量级和公开量级）、格斗运动运动员、长跑运动员和骑师。LEA状态的频率、持续时间和程度在不同群体之间似乎有所不同。常见风险因素包括对具有挑战性的体重和身体成分目标的周期性管理（包括“减体重”）以及一些训练计划或赛事的高能量消耗，而能量摄入难以与之匹配。然而，诸如食物不安全和资金缺乏等其他因素在某些群体中也可能导致营养受损。总体而言，这些见解证实了男性运动员中RED-S的概念，并表明对一项运动、亚群体或文化的具体理解可能会识别出一系列复杂因素，这些因素可能导致LEA及其后果的类型和严重程度。本评论提供了一个视角，涉及在未来对运动员群体中RED-S的调查中应解决的一系列风险因素，并针对具体调查和改进目标。
