Occurrence and distribution of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes in Ba River, China.

The riverine system is usually considered as a natural reservoir of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and more susceptible to anthropogenic activities. In this study, the occurrence and distribution of 14 antibiotics belonging to 7 categories together with 23 corresponding ARGs in Ba River of Xi'an China were investigated in March and July 2017. Sulfonamides, quinolones, macrolides and tetracyclines were detected in high frequencies ranged from 85.7% to 100%. Tetracyclines were detected with high concentrations in water samples (up to 8.54 × 10 ng L) and sediment samples (up to 2.08 × 10 μg kg), respectively. The total concentrations of antibiotics were much higher in July in comparison with March. The sul1, tetA, tetC, tetZ, gyrA, ermF, cmlA and bla were the predominant ARGs in terms of absolute abundance. For both water and sediment samples in March compared with July, the relative abundance of ARGs had no significant difference except for sul3. The tetracyclines had positive correlation with tet genes, whereas the remaining antibiotics had no significant correlations with their corresponding ARGs, suggesting that environmental factors and cross-selection may significantly influenced the distribution of ARGs. Redundancy analysis was performed to further predict the influences of environmental factors on antibiotics and ARG abundance. The findings suggest that anthropogenic activities contribute significantly to the persistence of antibiotics pollution.