State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, 550081, China.
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
Environ Geochem Health. 2019 Apr;41(2):737-760. doi: 10.1007/s10653-018-0169-x. Epub 2018 Aug 12.
Arsenic(As)-mediated contamination of groundwater resources in different parts of the world is a consequence of natural or anthropogenic sources, leading to adverse effects on the environment and human health. Millions of people from different countries are unfortunately consuming groundwater contaminated with alarming levels of As. Exposure to the high concentration of As for an extended period of time can cause devastating effects on human health such as skin lesions, cardiac disorders, discolouration and cancer. Until 2018, about 11 districts of Sindh and Punjab provinces in Pakistan had been found with As contamination in groundwater beyond the national defined permissible level, i.e. 50 µg/L. Tharparkar and Hyderabad (in Sindh province) along Indus river and Lahore and Kasur (in Punjab province) are well-known hotspots sites of natural geogenic As contamination in groundwater. Higher levels of Sulfates (SO), Chloride (Cl) and Carbonate (CO) along with the elevated values of electrical conductivity and basic pH, as well as augmented presence of "As V" species, were all an indication of oxidizing condition in groundwater, and these oxidizing conditions are identified as the primary mechanism of As contamination into aquifers of Pakistan via oxidative dissolution. The main aim of this review is to summarize and discuss the current contamination status of As in groundwater water globally with a special focus on Pakistan scenario, isotopic evidence to track sources of groundwater recharge and its effects on As contamination in groundwater with various redox conditions prevailing in Pakistan. In addition, public health consequences of As contamination and mitigation strategies for As removal from water resources have been also highlighted. In this review, the data were extracted from various cutting edge studies published in national and international journals.
砷（As）在世界不同地区的地下水资源中造成的污染，是自然或人为来源导致的，对环境和人类健康产生了不良影响。不幸的是，来自不同国家的数百万人正在饮用受砷污染的地下水。长时间暴露在高浓度的砷中，会对人类健康造成严重影响，如皮肤损伤、心脏疾病、变色和癌症。截至 2018 年，巴基斯坦信德省和旁遮普省的 11 个地区已发现地下水的砷含量超过国家规定的允许水平（50μg/L）。信德省的塔尔帕克卡尔和海得拉巴（位于印度河沿岸）以及旁遮普省的拉合尔和卡苏尔（位于印度河沿岸）都是地下水自然成因砷污染的著名热点地区。硫酸盐（SO）、氯化物（Cl）和碳酸盐（CO）含量较高，电导率和基本 pH 值升高，以及“As V”物种的大量存在，都表明地下水中存在氧化条件，这些氧化条件被认为是砷通过氧化溶解进入巴基斯坦含水层的主要机制。本文的主要目的是总结和讨论全球地下水砷污染的现状，特别关注巴基斯坦的情况，追踪地下水补给来源的同位素证据，以及在巴基斯坦普遍存在的各种氧化还原条件下，砷对地下水污染的影响。此外，还强调了砷污染对公共健康的影响和从水资源中去除砷的缓解策略。在这篇综述中，数据取自于国内外期刊上发表的各种前沿研究。
