National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia.
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, Ohio.
Indoor Air. 2018 Nov;28(6):840-851. doi: 10.1111/ina.12499. Epub 2018 Sep 3.
Fused deposition modeling (FDM™) 3-dimensional printing uses polymer filament to build objects. Some polymer filaments are formulated with additives, though it is unknown if they are released during printing. Three commercially available filaments that contained carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were printed with a desktop FDM™ 3-D printer in a chamber while monitoring total particle number concentration and size distribution. Airborne particles were collected on filters and analyzed using electron microscopy. Carbonyl compounds were identified by mass spectrometry. The elemental carbon content of the bulk CNT-containing filaments was 1.5 to 5.2 wt%. CNT-containing filaments released up to 10 ultrafine (d < 100 nm) particles/g printed and 10 to 10 respirable (d ~0.5 to 2 μm) particles/g printed. From microscopy, 1% of the emitted respirable polymer particles contained visible CNTs. Carbonyl emissions were observed above the limit of detection (LOD) but were below the limit of quantitation (LOQ). Modeling indicated that, for all filaments, the average proportional lung deposition of CNT-containing polymer particles was 6.5%, 5.7%, and 7.2% for the head airways, tracheobronchiolar, and pulmonary regions, respectively. If CNT-containing polymer particles are hazardous, it would be prudent to control emissions during use of these filaments.
熔融沉积建模（FDM™）3D 打印使用聚合物长丝来构建物体。虽然不知道某些聚合物长丝在打印过程中是否会释放添加剂，但它们是用添加剂配制的。三种市售的含有碳纳米管（CNT）的长丝在一个腔室内用桌面 FDM™3D 打印机进行打印，同时监测总粒子数浓度和粒径分布。空气中的颗粒被收集在过滤器上，并通过电子显微镜进行分析。通过质谱法鉴定羰基化合物。含大量碳的长丝的元素碳含量为 1.5 至 5.2wt%。含 CNT 的长丝释放出高达 10 个超细（d < 100nm）颗粒/g 打印和 10 至 10 个可吸入（d ~ 0.5 至 2μm）颗粒/g 打印。从显微镜下观察，1%发射的可吸入聚合物颗粒中含有可见的 CNT。虽然观察到了羰基化合物的排放，但都低于检测限（LOD）和定量限（LOQ）。建模表明，对于所有长丝，含有 CNT 的聚合物颗粒在气道、气管支气管和肺部区域的平均比例肺沉积分别为 6.5%、5.7%和 7.2%。如果含有 CNT 的聚合物颗粒是危险的，那么在使用这些长丝时控制排放是谨慎的。
