Stefaniak Aleksandr B, Bowers Lauren N, Martin Stephen B, Hammond Duane R, Ham Jason E, Wells J R, Fortner Alyson R, Knepp Alycia K, du Preez Sonette, Pretty Jack R, Roberts Jennifer L, du Plessis Johan L, Schmidt Austin, Duling Matthew G, Bader Andrew, Virji M Abbas
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States.
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, Ohio 45213, United States.
J Chem Health Saf. 2021 Mar 25;28(3):190-200. doi: 10.1021/acs.chas.0c00128.
The literature on emissions during material extrusion additive manufacturing with 3-D printers is expanding; however, there is a paucity of data for large-format additive manufacturing (LFAM) machines that can extrude high-melt-temperature polymers. Emissions from two LFAM machines were monitored during extrusion of six polymers: acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), polycarbonate (PC), high-melt-temperature polysulfone (PSU), poly(ether sulfone) (PESU), polyphenylene sulfide (PPS), and Ultem (poly(ether imide)). Particle number, total volatile organic compound (TVOC), carbon monoxide (CO), and carbon dioxide (CO) concentrations were monitored in real-time. Particle emission rate values (no./min) were as follows: ABS (1.7 × 10 to 7.7 × 10), PC (5.2 × 10 to 3.6 × 10), Ultem (5.7 × 10 to 3.1 × 10), PPS (4.6 × 10 to 6.2 × 10), PSU (1.5 × 10 to 3.4 × 10), and PESU (2.0 to 5.0 × 10). For print jobs where the mass of extruded polymer was known, particle yield values (g extruded) were as follows: ABS (4.5 × 10 to 2.9 × 10), PC (1.0 × 10 to 1.7 × 10), PSU (5.1 × 10 to 1.2 × 10), and PESU (0.8 × 10 to 1.7 × 10). TVOC emission yields ranged from 0.005 mg/g extruded (PESU) to 0.7 mg/g extruded (ABS). The use of wall-mounted exhaust ventilation fans was insufficient to completely remove airborne particulate and TVOC from the print room. Real-time CO monitoring was not a useful marker of particulate and TVOC emission profiles for Ultem, PPS, or PSU. Average CO and particle concentrations were moderately correlated ( = 0.76) for PC polymer. Extrusion of ABS, PC, and four high-melt-temperature polymers by LFAM machines released particulate and TVOC at levels that could warrant consideration of engineering controls. LFAM particle emission yields for some polymers were similar to those of common desktop-scale 3-D printers.
关于使用3D打印机进行材料挤出增材制造过程中排放物的文献正在不断增加；然而，对于能够挤出高熔点聚合物的大幅面增材制造（LFAM）机器，相关数据却很匮乏。在六种聚合物的挤出过程中，对两台LFAM机器的排放物进行了监测，这六种聚合物分别是：丙烯腈丁二烯苯乙烯（ABS）、聚碳酸酯（PC）、高熔点聚砜（PSU）、聚醚砜（PESU）、聚苯硫醚（PPS）和聚醚酰亚胺（Ultem）。实时监测了颗粒数量、总挥发性有机化合物（TVOC）、一氧化碳（CO）和二氧化碳（CO₂）的浓度。颗粒排放率值（个/分钟）如下：ABS（1.7×10至7.7×10）、PC（5.2×10至3.6×10）、Ultem（5.7×10至3.1×10）、PPS（4.6×10至6.2×10）、PSU（1.5×10至3.4×10）和PESU（2.0至5.0×10）。对于已知挤出聚合物质量的打印作业，颗粒产率值（克/挤出聚合物）如下：ABS（4.5×10至2.9×10）、PC（1.0×10至1.7×10）、PSU（5.1×10至1.2×10）和PESU（0.8×10至1.7×10）。TVOC排放产率范围为0.005毫克/克挤出聚合物（PESU）至0.7毫克/克挤出聚合物（ABS）。使用壁挂式排气通风扇不足以完全去除打印室内空气中的颗粒物和TVOC。对于Ultem、PPS或PSU，实时CO监测并非颗粒物和TVOC排放情况的有效指标。对于PC聚合物，平均CO浓度和颗粒浓度呈中度相关（r = 0.76）。LFAM机器挤出ABS、PC和四种高熔点聚合物时释放的颗粒物和TVOC水平值得考虑采取工程控制措施。一些聚合物的LFAM颗粒排放产率与常见桌面级3D打印机的排放产率相似。
