a Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Science , Liverpool John Moores University , Liverpool , UK.
b Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences , University of Chester , Chester , UK.
Eur J Sport Sci. 2019 Feb;19(1):71-85. doi: 10.1080/17461391.2018.1505957. Epub 2018 Aug 15.
Exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) is characterized by symptoms that present both immediately and for up to 14 days after the initial exercise bout. The main consequence of EIMD for the athlete is the loss of skeletal muscle function and soreness. As such, numerous nutrients and functional foods have been examined for their potential to ameliorate the effects of EIMD and accelerate recovery, which is the purpose of many nutritional strategies for the athlete. However, the trade-off between recovery and adaptation is rarely considered. For example, many nutritional interventions described in this review target oxidative stress and inflammation, both thought to contribute to EIMD but are also crucial for the recovery and adaptation process. This calls into question whether long term administration of supplements and functional foods used to target EIMD is indeed best practice. This rapidly growing area of sports nutrition will benefit from careful consideration of the potential hormetic effect of long term use of nutritional aids that ameliorate muscle damage. This review provides a concise overview of what EIMD is, its causes and consequences and critically evaluates potential nutritional strategies to ameliorate EIMD. We present a pragmatic practical summary that can be adopted by practitioners and direct future research, with the purpose of pushing the field to better consider the fine balance between recovery and adaptation and the potential that nutritional interventions have in modulating this balance.
运动诱导的肌肉损伤（EIMD）的特征是在最初的运动发作后立即出现并持续 14 天的症状。EIMD 对运动员的主要后果是骨骼肌功能丧失和酸痛。因此，许多营养素和功能性食品已被检查其潜在的改善 EIMD 的效果和加速恢复，这是许多运动员营养策略的目的。然而，恢复和适应之间的权衡很少被考虑。例如，本综述中描述的许多营养干预措施针对的是氧化应激和炎症，两者都被认为有助于 EIMD，但对于恢复和适应过程也至关重要。这就提出了一个问题，即长期使用用于针对 EIMD 的补充剂和功能性食品是否确实是最佳实践。这个快速发展的运动营养领域将受益于仔细考虑长期使用改善肌肉损伤的营养辅助剂的潜在激素作用。本综述提供了对 EIMD 的简要概述，包括其原因和后果，并批判性地评估了潜在的营养策略来改善 EIMD。我们提出了一个实用的实用总结，可以为从业者所采用，并直接指导未来的研究，目的是推动该领域更好地考虑恢复和适应之间的微妙平衡，以及营养干预在调节这种平衡方面的潜力。
